Table 2. Summary of the effective kinetic constants for the effective models described in Fig. 3 and their relationship to the fundamental kinetic constants of Table 1.

Model	effective constant	Eq. no.	Units	Dimension	Assay† and references
PBA		(6)	s−1	2D	TF‡ ref. 10
	koff = k−	(7)	s−1	2D	TF‡ ref. 10
		(8)	—	2D	TF‡ ref. 10
PBB		(9)	s−1	2D	TF§ ref. 10
		(10)	s−1	2D	TF§ ref. 10 and MD-SMFM ref. 25
		(11)	—	2D	TF§ ref. 10
		(12)	s−1	3D	Bulk FRET ref. 6
		(13)	s−1	3D	Bulk FRET ref. 6 and MD-SMFM ref. 24
		(14)	—	3D	Bulk FRET ref. 6
FRET		(15)	s−1	2D	SM-FRET ref. 11
		(16)	s−1	2D	SM-FRET ref. 11
		(17)		2D	SM-FRET ref. 11
SS		(18)	s−1	2D	AF ref. 10
		(19)	s−1	2D	AF ref. 10
		(20)		2D	AF ref. 10
		(21)	M−1s−1	3D	SPR refs 2,6,7
		(22)	s−1	3D	SPR refs 2,6,7
		(23)	M−1	3D	SPR refs 2,6,7

PBA: Pre-binding model A; PBB: Pre-binding model B; FRET: FRET model; and SS: Single-step model.

^†TF, thermal fluctuation. MD-SMFM, molecular diffusion and single molecule fluorescent microscopy. FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer. SM, single molecule. AF, adhesion frequency. SPR, surface plasmon resonance.

^‡Assuming unbinding implies a change of orientation.

^§Assuming multiple binding/unbinding events take place before a change of orientation.