Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to the incidence of a cardiovascular event or death during follow-up
| CVD event | No CVD event | p value | Patients dead at follow-up n = 83 | Patients alive at follow-up n = 254 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 86 | n = 251 | |||||
| Age (years) | 44.5 (9.0) | 40.4 (9.6) | 0.001 | 45.3 (10.0) | 40.2 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| Sex: male/female (%) | 62/38 | 60/40 | 0.81 | 69/31 | 58/42 | 0.081 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 30.7 (8.7) | 26.7 (7.5) | <0.001 | 30.2 (9.9) | 26.9 (7.1) | 0.006 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.5 (1.5) | 8.9 (1.4) | <0.001 | 9.6 (1.5) | 8.8 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 80.5 (16.3) | 73.4 (15.0) | <0.001 | 81.6 (16.5) | 73.1 (14.8) | <0.001 |
| Nephropathy (%) | 76 | 42 | <0.001 | 78 | 41 | <0.001 |
| Retinopathy (no/simplex/proliferative) (%) | 8/37/55 | 20/45/35 | 0.002 | 6/37/57 | 21/45/34 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 (3.3) | 23.9 (2.8) | 0.919 | 23.7 (3.2) | 23.9 (2.8) | 0.513 |
| LDL (mmol/l) | 3.64 (1.01) | 3.00 (0.95) | <0.001 | 3.60 (0.98) | 3.02 (0.97) | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/l) | 1.43 (0.41) | 1.54 (0.51) | 0.082 | 1.53 (0.48) | 1.51 (0.50) | 0.791 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.25 [0.93–1.70] | 0.81[0.63–1.19] | <0.001 | 1.29 [0.90–1.69] | 0.81 [0.64–1.18] | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (µmol/l) | 92.1 [67–135] | 70 [62–81] | <0.001 | 94.0 [68–132] | 69 [62–81] | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 76.0 (31.6) | 101 (21.5) | <0.001 | 76.2 (30.9) | 100.7 (22.2) | <0.001 |
| Urinary albumin excretion (mg/24 h) | 658 [34–1983] | 17 [7–532] | <0.001 | 761 [96–2040] | 17 [7–479] | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 157 (24) | 136 (20) | <0.001 | 159 (24) | 136 (19) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 85 (13) | 80 (12) | 0.001 | 87 (14) | 79 (11) | <0.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 109 (15) | 98 (13) | <0.001 | 111 (15) | 98 (13) | <0.001 |
| RAAS-inhibitors (%) | 52 | 21 | <0.001 | 52 | 22 | <0.001 |
| Other antihypertensive medication (%) | 64 | 29 | <0.001 | 69 | 28 | <0.001 |
| Smoking (never/former/current) (%) | 28/19/53 | 38/17/45 | 0.234 | 25/17/58 | 39/18/43 | 0.05 |
| MMP-1 (ng/ml) | 4.58 [2.78–7.17] | 2.70 [1.67–4.71] | <0.001 | 5.00 [2.74–7.03] | 2.73 [1.68–4.68] | <0.001 |
| MMP-2 (ng/ml) | 229 [201–273] | 185 [162–225] | <0.001 | 231 [201–281] | 185 [161–225] | <0.001 |
| MMP-3 (ng/ml) | 21.3 [13.0–28.3] | 12.8 [8.6–21.3] | <0.001 | 23.9 [16.6–29.6] | 12.6 [8.5–20.2] | <0.001 |
| MMP-9 (ng/ml) | 32.5 [20.4–65.3] | 21.7 [14.5–36.9] | <0.001 | 31.2 [20.7–63.6] | 21.8 [14.3–37.0] | <0.001 |
| MMP-10 (pg/ml) | 764 [618–1227] | 640 [467–930] | 0.002 | 809 [627–1235] | 640 [463–916] | <0.001 |
| TIMP-1 (ng/ml) | 210 [178–265] | 161 [137–204] | <0.001 | 221 [182–277] | 159 [136–204] | <0.001 |
| sVCAM-1 (ng/ml) | 1003 [842–1174] | 905 [789–1105] | 0.03 | 1038 [936–1239] | 891 [789–1096] | <0.001 |
| sICAM-1 (ng/ml) | 735 [628–835] | 671 [572–814] | 0.076 | 751 [632–882] | 670 [569–797] | 0.003 |
| Endothelial dysfunction z-score | 0.23 (0.92) | −0.08 (1.02) | 0.012 | 0.41 (0.98) | −0.13 (0.97) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 1.63 [0.64–3.24] | 1.00 [0.42–2.15] | 0.008 | 1.45 [0.60–3.30] | 1.03 [0.45–2.18] | 0.02 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 2.18 [1.53–3.43] | 1.52 [0.99–2.34] | <0.001 | 2.41 [1.78–3.88] | 1.45 [1.00–2.22] | <0.001 |
| sPLA2 (µg/ml) | 4.40 [2.80–7.00] | 4.00 [2.70–6.40] | 0.421 | 4.00 [2.80–6.50] | 4.05 [2.70–6.60] | 0.821 |
| Low-grade inflammation z-score | 0.32 (0.86) | −0.11 (1.02) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.96) | −0.11 (0.99) | <0.001 |
Data are means (SD), medians [inter-quartile range] or percentages, as appropriate
eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI); RAAS-inhibitors renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers and spironolactone; MMP matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP-1 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1; sVCAM-1 soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; sICAM-1 soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1; CRP C-reactive protein; IL-6 interleukin-6; sPLA2 secreted phospholipase A2; Low-grade inflammation z-score z-score of the average of the z-scores of lnIL-6, lnCRP, sICAM-1, and lnsPLA2; Endothelial dysfunction z-score z-score of the average of the z-scores of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1