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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Stroke. 2017 May;48(5):1139–1146. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016027

Table 3.

Beverage intake and the risk of dementia

Model Recent Intake
Cumulative Intake
All-Cause Dementia
AD Dementia
All-Cause Dementia
AD Dementia
HR (95% CI) P HR (95% CI) P HR (95% CI) P HR (95% CI) P
Total Sugary Beverages
 <1/day (ref) 2
 1–2/day 0.92 (0.53, 1.58) 0.75 0.95 (0.51, 1.78) 0.88 0.72 (0.41, 1.27) 0.26 0.69 (0.35, 1.33) 0.26
 >2/day 1.23 (0.59, 2.58) 0.59 1.75 (0.81, 3.81) 0.16 0.59 (0.24, 1.47) 0.26 0.78 (0.31, 2.01) 0.61
 <1/day (ref) 3
 1–2/day 1.09 (0.67, 1.76) 0.73 1.21 (0.69, 2.13) 0.50 0.86 (0.52, 1.40) 0.53 0.89 (0.50, 1.59) 0.69
 >2/day 1.19 (0.58, 2.44) 0.63 1.90 (0.89, 4.05) 0.10 0.61 (0.25, 1.53) 0.29 0.92 (0.36, 2.38) 0.87
Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drinks
 0/week (ref) 2
 >0–3/week 0.86 (0.48, 1.51) 0.59 0.91 (0.47, 1.74) 0.77 0.75 (0.42, 1.33) 0.32 0.88 (0.45, 1.70) 0.69
 >3/week 1.15 (0.49, 2.68) 0.75 1.56 (0.64, 3.76) 0.33 0.82 (0.35, 1.96) 0.66 1.23 (0.50, 3.06) 0.65
 0/week (ref) 3
 >0–3/week 1.06 (0.64, 1.77) 0.82 1.11 (0.62, 2.00) 0.73 0.80 (0.48, 1.33) 0.39 0.88 (0.49, 1.59) 0.68
 >3/week 0.94 (0.41, 2.13) 0.87 1.30 (0.56, 3.04) 0.54 0.77 (0.35, 1.70) 0.52 0.91 (0.37, 2.24) 0.84
Artificially-Sweetened Soft Drinks
 0/week (ref) 2
 >0–6/week 1.39 (0.79, 2.43) 0.25 1.48 (0.78, 2.82) 0.23 1.41 (0.77, 2.59) 0.27 1.68 (0.82, 3.43) 0.15
 ≥1/day 2.20 (1.09, 4.45) 0.03 2.53 (1.15, 5.56) 0.02 2.47 (1.15, 5.30) 0.02 2.89 (1.18, 7.07) 0.02
 0/week (ref) 3
 >0–6/week 1.00 (0.60, 1.67) 0.99 1.05 (0.59, 1.87) 0.87 1.30 (0.74, 2.29) 0.36 1.66 (0.86, 3.20) 0.13
 ≥1/day 1.08 (0.54, 2.17) 0.83 1.29 (0.59, 2.80) 0.53 1.70 (0.80, 3.61) 0.17 2.03 (0.83, 4.97) 0.12

Model 1 is reported in the online supplement. Model 2 adjusts for age, sex, total caloric intake, education, the dietary guidelines adherence index, self-reported physical activity, and smoking status. Model 3 adjusts for age, sex, education, total caloric intake, systolic blood pressure, treatment of hypertension, prevalent cardiovascular disease, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, prevalent diabetes mellitus, waist to hip ratio, and positivity for at least one APOE ε4 allele. For recent intake: N/events for all-cause dementia were 66/1135 for Model 2 and 81/1348 for Model 3. N/events for AD dementia were 52/1135 for Model 2 and 63/1348 for Model 3. For cumulative intake: N/events for all-cause dementia were 61/1087 for Model 2 and 75/1285 for Model 3. N/events for AD dementia were 47/1087 for Model 2 and 57/1285 for Model 3.