. 2017 Jan 7;46(3):383–392. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afw247

Table 1.

Characteristics of included participants

First author and publication year	Country of study	% women	Frailty definition used in study	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria	Sample size and mean age of participants
Binder 2002 [14]	USA	CG 53% IG 52%	Frailty based on 3 measures: (i) the PPT, (ii) activities of daily living and (iii) measurement of peak oxygen uptake	≥2 of 3 frailty criteria	Those who did not meet ≥2 frailty criteria Those unable to exercise	N = 119, mean age 83, SD 4
Binder 2002 [14]	USA	CG 53% IG 52%		≥2 of 3 frailty criteria
Cameron 2013 [22]	Australia	68%	The CHS criteria	Aged 70 years and over ≥3 CHS frailty criteria	Unable to participate in programme due to physical/cognitive health	N = 241, mean age 83.3, SD 6
Cameron 2013 [22]	Australia	68%	The CHS criteria	Aged 70 years and over ≥3 CHS frailty criteria
Cesari 2015 [13]	USA	68.9	The CHS criteria	aged 70–85 years <10 on SPBB, able to walk 400 min in 15 min	Severe/uncontrolled diabetes/HTN/cardiac issues	N = 424, mean age 76.8, SD 4.2
Cesari 2015 [13]	USA	68.9	The CHS criteria		Severe/uncontrolled diabetes/HTN/cardiac issues
Chan 2012 [17]	Taiwan	59%	CCSHA_CFS_TV and the CHS frailty criteria	Community-dwelling older adults from 65 to 79 years of age in Toufen Township (N = 6,828). CCHSA-CFS-TV score 3–6 (CHS pre-frail and frail)	Institutionalised Not frail Unable to participate in programme due to physical/cognitive health	N = 117, mean age 71.4, SD 3.7
Chan 2012 [17]	Taiwan	59%	CCSHA_CFS_TV and the CHS frailty criteria
Gill 2003 [15]	USA	90%	Physically frail which as determined by two tests (rapid gait speed) and single chair stand.	Physically frail community-dwelling people aged 75 years and over in Southern Connecticut	NH patients enroled in wellness programme Unable to participate in programme due to physical/cognitive health	N = 188, mean age 83, SD 5 years
Gill 2003 [15]	USA	90%
Gine-Garriga 2010 [16]	Spain	61%	Physical frailty Gill and Tinetti definition or self-reported exhaustion	Aged 80–90 Registered in a primary healthcare centre in the Barcelona	Unable to participate in programme due to physical/cognitive health	N = 51, mean age IG 84.1 (SD 3) and control 83.9 (SD 2.8)
Gine-Garriga 2010 [16]	Spain	61%
Gustafsson 2012 [23]	Sweden	64%	Adjusted CHS criteria	Community-dwelling Not receiving care Able to participate	Unable to participate in programme due to physical/cognitive health	N = 459, mean age control was 86, preventative home visit mean age 86 and senior meetings mean 85
Gustafsson 2012 [23]	Sweden	64%	Adjusted CHS criteria	Community-dwelling Not receiving care Able to participate
Kim 2015 [18]	Japan	100%	The CHS criteria	Living in the Itabashi Ward of Tokyo, Japan Women aged >73 years	Unable to participate in programme due to physical/cognitive health	N = 131, mean age 81, SD 3 years
Kim 2015 [18]	Japan	100%	The CHS criteria
Kwon 2015 [19]	Japan	100%	Lowest 20% handgrip strength and lowest quartile walking speed (2 of 5 CHS criteria)	Living in the Itabashi Ward, Tokyo, Japan Pre-frail women aged ≥70 years	Unable to participate in programme due to physical/cognitive health Serum albumin >4.5 mg/dl and/or taking CA/ Vitamin D supplements	N = 89, mean age 76.8 range (70–84)
Kwon 2015 [19]	Japan	100%
Li 2010 [21]	Taiwan	48%	The CHS criteria and BI	Living in 2 neighbourhoods in Taipei Aged ≥65 years Frail or pre-frail	Unable to participate in programme due to physical/cognitive health	N = 310, mean age IG is 78.4, SD 8.2 and the CG is 79.3 SD 8.5
Li 2010 [21]	Taiwan	48%	The CHS criteria and BI
Ng 2015 [5]	Singapore	61%	The CHS frailty criteria	Pre-frail or frail community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years Able to ambulate without personal assistance	Unable to participate in programme due to physical/cognitive health	N = 246, mean age 70.0, SD 4.7
Ng 2015 [5]	Singapore	61%	The CHS frailty criteria
Tarazona-Santabalbina 2016 [20]	Spain	54%	The CHS and Edmonton Frailty Scale	Frail older adult aged ≥70 years	Unable to participate in programme due to physical/cognitive health Family member centenarian in past 2 generations No transportation	N = 100, mean age IG 79.7 (SD 3.6) and control 80.3 (SD 3.7)
Tarazona-Santabalbina 2016 [20]	Spain	54%	The CHS and Edmonton Frailty Scale	Frail older adult aged ≥70 years
Mitoku 2014 [25]	Japan	65%	Frailty = a change in of care level	Aged ≥65 years New recipient of the LTCI programme in Gujo City between 1 April 2003 and 31 December 2004	Current care recipients	N = 547, mean age 81.4, SD 7.1
Mitoku 2014 [25]	Japan	65%	Frailty = a change in of care level		Current care recipients
Yamada 2012 [24]	Japan	77%	Frailty score >10 on the frailty checklist items 1–20	ADL independent Frail person living in 2 geographical areas (Maibura City and Maizuru City, Japan)	ADL dependent eligible for LTCI benefits	N = 610, mean age exercise group 79.7, SD 6.3 and mean age CG 80.3, SD 6.6

PPT, Physical Performance Test; ADL, activity of daily living; SD, standard deviation; CG, control group; IG, intervention group; HTN, hypertension; CCSHA_CFS_TV, Chinese Canadian Study of Health and Aging Clinical Frailty Scale Telephone Version; CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study consisting of 5 frailty markers; SPBB, short physical performance battery; NH, nursing home; LTCI, long-term care insurance; BI, Barthel index.