Figure 4.

Esophageal ESD using the conventional method on live pigs.

(a) The operative process was as follows: (i): A semicircular mucosal incision was made on the right side. (ii): Submucosal dissection of the right side was performed. (iii): Semicircular mucosal incision of the left side was performed. (iv): Submucosal dissection of the total submucosa was performed.

(b) A semicircular mucosal incision was made on the right side by a dual knife.

(c) & (d) Submucosal dissection of the right side was performed by a dual knife.

(e) Semicircular mucosal incision of the left side was performed by a dual knife.

(f) Submucosal dissection of the total submucosa was performed by a dual knife.

ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection.