Table 1.
Patient and Surgical Characteristics
| No Delirium (n=29) | Delirium (n=37) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean±SD | 69±8 | 70±7 | 0.49a |
| Male, n(%) | 23(79.3) | 28(75.7) | 0.73b |
| Race, n(%) | 0.75c | ||
| White | 23(79.3) | 31(83.8) | |
| African American | 3(10.3) | 4(10.8) | |
| Other | 3(10.3) | 2(5.4) | |
| Baseline MMSE, median(IQR) | 28(26–29) | 27(26–28) | 0.13d |
| Education (years), median(IQR) | 15 (12–17) | 13 (12–17) | 0.26 |
| Beck Depression Inventory, median(IQR) | 7.5(3.5–12) | 7.5(4–14) | 0.83d |
| Current smoking, n(%) | 3(10.3) | 2(5.4) | 0.65c |
| Current drug or alcohol, n(%) | 13(44.8) | 21(56.8) | 0.34b |
| euroSCORE, median(IQR) | 5(3–6) | 6(4–9) | 0.05c |
| Comorbidities, n(%) | |||
| Stroke | 2(6.9) | 3(8.1) | 1.0c |
| Carotid bruit | 3 (10.3) | 4 (10.8) | 1.0c |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3(10.3) | 5(13.5) | 1.0c |
| Coronary artery disease | 21(72.4) | 34(91.9) | 0.05b |
| Congestive heart failure | 1(3.5) | 4(10.8) | 0.38c |
| Hypertension | 26(89.7) | 35(94.6) | 0.45b |
| Myocardial infarction | 9(31.0) | 13(35.1) | 0.73b |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 2(6.9) | 12(32.4) | 0.02c |
| Diabetes, n(%) | 13(44.8) | 21(56.8) | 0.34 |
| Hemoglobin (mg/dL), mean±SD | 13.3±1.5 | 12.3±1.8 | 0.02a |
| Surgery, n(%) | 0.02c | ||
| CABG | 15(51.7) | 25(67.6) | |
| CABG/Valve | 2(6.8) | 9(24.3) | |
| Valve | 12(41.3) | 3(8.1) | |
| Bypass time (min), mean±SD | 108±58 | 122±69 | 0.37a |
| Cross-clamp time (min), mean±SD | 72±30 | 77±41 | 0.55a |
| Packed red blood cell transfusions intraoperatively, median(IQR) | 0(0–3) | 2(0–7) | 0.07d |
| Midazolam dose intraoperatively (mg), mean±SD | 9±4 | 9±4 | 0.88a |
| Fentanyl dose intraoperatively (mcg), mean±SD | 1386±411 | 1227 ±344 | 0.10a |
| Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98 median(IQR) | 3(2–4) | 11(8–14) | <0.001 |
| Postoperative | |||
| In-hospital mortality | 0(0) | 3(8.1) | 0.25 c |
| Re-admission to ICU | 1(3.5) | 5(13.5) | 0.22 c |
| Benzodiazepines on postoperative days 1–4, n(%) | 1(3.5) | 2(5.4) | 1.00 c |
| New intra-aortic balloon pump, n(%) | 0(0) | 4(11.1) | 0.12c |
| Cerebrovascular accident, n(%) | 1(3.5) | 3(8.1) | 0.62c |
| Transient Ischemic Attack, n(%) | 0 (0) | 1(2.9) | 1.0c |
| Sepsis, n(%) | 0(0) | 2(5.4) | 0.50c |
| Dialysis, n(%) | 0(0) | 3(8.6) | 0.25c |
| Multi-Organ System Failure | 0(0) | 1(2.9%) | 1.0c |
| Multiple inotropic drugs, n(%) | 0(0) | 3(8.1) | 0.25b |
| 30-day readmission | 0(0) | 2(5.4) | 0.5 c |
a
Student’s t-test;
b
Chi-squared test;
c
Fisher’s exact test; d Wilcoxon rank-sum test
Abbreviations: CABG=Coronary Artery Bypass Graft; IQR=Inter-Quartile Range; SD=Standard Deviation; MMSE= Mini-Mental State Examination; STS= Society of Thoracic Surgeons