Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of study participants according to metabolic phenotypes
| Characteristic | Metabolically Healthy Normal Weight (MHNW) | Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight (MUNW) | Metabolically Healthy Overweight/Obese (MHO) | Metabolically Unhealthy Overweight/Obese (MUO) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| 0 | ≥ 1 | 0 | ≥ 1 | |||||
| No. of participants, n % | 12,150 | (27.9) | 4,469 | (10.3) | 6,014 | (13.8) | 20,966 | (48.1) |
| Mean (SD) | ||||||||
| Age at baseline, yr | 53.0 | (8.8) | 60.2 | (8.2) | 53.4 | (8.6) | 57.3 | (8.7) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.2 | (1.6) | 22.8 | (1.6) | 27.3 | (2.0) | 32.2 | (5.6) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 73.1 | (6.1) | 77.9 | (9.0) | 81.1 | (4.7) | 97.5 | (12.2) |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.76 | (0.06) | 0.80 | (0.08) | 0.77 | (0.05) | 0.85 | (0.07) |
| Age at menarche, yr | 12.9 | (1.5) | 12.9 | (1.5) | 12.6 | (1.4) | 12.5 | (1.5) |
| Age at first live birth, yr† | 26.3 | (5.4) | 24.5 | (4.8) | 25.1 | (5.4) | 23.9 | (5.1) |
| Total MET-hours of physical activity, wk | 57.2 | (33.5) | 54.3 | (32.2) | 52.3 | (31.1) | 45.8 | (28.9) |
| Lifetime duration of breastfeeding, wk‡ | 73.7 | (76.2) | 59.8 | (64.0) | 71.0 | (75.5) | 60.5 | (70.9) |
| Proportion (%) | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 90.6 | 87.7 | 84.1 | 79.5 | ||||
| Postmenopausal at enrollment | 57.4 | 85.3 | 59.8 | 77.1 | ||||
| Parous at enrollment | 79.5 | 83.1 | 80.9 | 83.3 | ||||
| Ever used birth control pill | 86.4 | 81.3 | 85.6 | 82.7 | ||||
| Ever hormone replacement therapy | 34.3 | 59.1 | 35.0 | 40.3 | ||||
| Ever smoker | 39.8 | 47.6 | 40.9 | 45.7 | ||||
| Current drinker | 86.7 | 82.4 | 84.6 | 76.9 | ||||
| Abdominal obesity§ | 13.9 | 82.0 | ||||||
| Elevated blood pressure‖ | 62.4 | 53.9 | ||||||
| Type 2 diabetes¶ | 5.4 | 10.8 | ||||||
| Dyslipidemia** | 45.7 | 32.0 | ||||||
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation), or percentage (% column, except that of the participants).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent.
Metabolic abnormalities include central obesity (waist circumference ≥ 88 cm), elevated blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
Among women who had live births
Among women who ever breastfed.
Defined as waist-circumference≥88 cm
Systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mm Hg or antihypertensive medication use for self-reported hypertension taken currently or in the past year
Antidiabetic medication use and self-reported diagnosis of diabetes at age 30 years or older
Self-reported hypercholesterolemia and on cholesterol-lowering medication use, including fibrates, niacin, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, and statins as a proxy variable for elevated triglycerides and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.