Table 1.

Effects of helminth infection on host microbiota and metabolism in humans, macaques, and pigs.

Host and helminth(s) species	Microbiota diversity	Microbiota composition	Changes in host metabolism	Sample site(s)	Population details	References
HUMAN
T. trichiura	→	n.r.	n.r.	Feces	Rural Ecuadorians	Cooper et al., 2013
	↓	Prevotella ↑	n.r.	Feces	Rural Malaysians	Ramanan et al., 2016
A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworm (mixed infections)	↓	Streptococcus ↑	n.r.	Feces	Rural Ecuadorians A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura	Cooper et al., 2013
	↑	Prevotellaceae, Mollicutes, Bacteroidales Alphaproteobacteria ↑	Carbohydrate metabolism ↓	Feces	Rural Malaysians A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, and hookworm	Lee et al., 2014
N. americanus	→	n.r.	n.r.	Feces	Healthy volunteers (gluten-free diet; 8 wpi)	Cantacessi et al., 2014
	↑	Bacteroidetes and Bacteroidia ↑; Lachnospira, Ruminococcus, Firmicutes, Tenericutes ↓	Gluten tolerance ↑	Feces	Volunteers with celiac disease (8 wpi), gluten administration in parallel	Giacomin et al., 2015
	n.r.	n.r.	SCFA ↑	Feces	Healthy volunteers (8 wpi)	Zaiss et al., 2015
MACAQUE
T. trichiura	↑	Cyanobacteria ↓; Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes ↑; bacterial attachment to mucosa ↓	n.r.	Colon	Chronic helminth infection in a colitis model	Broadhurst et al., 2012
PIG
T. suis	→	Ruminococcus, Oscillibacter and Succinivibrio↓; Mucispirillum and Paraprevotella ↑	Altered fatty acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid availability↓	Colon	Larval stage infection (21 dpi)	Li et al., 2012
	n.r.	Ruminococcus Oscillibacter and Succinivibrio ↓; Campylobacter ↑	n.r.	Colon	Chronic infection (53 dpi)	Wu et al., 2012
A. suum	↓	Prevotella ↑	SCFA ↑	Colon	54 dpi	Paerewijck et al., 2015

→, no change; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; n.r., not reported; SCFA, short chain fatty acids; dpi, days post-infection; wpi, weeks post-infection; Nod2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2; WT, wild type.