Table 2.

Effects of helminth infection on host microbiota and metabolism in mice.

Host and helminth(s) species	Microbiota diversity	Microbiota composition	Changes in host metabolism	Sample site(s)	Infection phase	References
MUS MUSCULUS
T. muris	↓	Bacteroidetes ↓; Mucispirillum, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillaceae, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes ↑	n.r.	Cecum Colon Feces	Chronic infection	Holm et al., 2015
	↓	Parabaceroides, Prevotella and Bacteroidetes ↓; Mucispirillum and Rikenellaceae ↑	weight gain and carbohydrate metabolism ↓	Feces	Chronic infection	Houlden et al., 2015
	↑Nod2 deficient mice; ↓ in WT mice	B. vulgatus, Prevotella and Bacteroides ↓; Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillales and Clostridiales ↑	n.r.	Feces	Acute infection (21 dpi)	Ramanan et al., 2016
H. p. bakeri	n.r.	Lactobacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae ↑	n.r.	Ileum Cecum	Acute infection (14 dpi)	Walk et al., 2010
	n.r.	Baceroides, Clostridium, Lactobacillus and Enterobacteriaceae ↑	n.r.	Ileum Cecum Colon	Acute infection (14 dpi)	Rausch et al., 2013
	n.r.	Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae ↑	n.r.	Duodenum Feces	28 dpi	Reynolds et al., 2014
	n.r.	Clostridiales ↑	SCFA ↑	Cecum	28 - 42 dpi	Zaiss et al., 2015
N. brasiliensis	→	Firmicutes and SFB ↓; Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria ↑	n.r.	Jejunum Ileum Cecum Colon Feces	11 dpi	Fricke et al., 2015
APODEMUS FLAVICOLLIS
H. p. bakeri, Syphacia. Hymenolepsis and M. muris (mixed infections)	→	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ↑ (with H. p. bakeri)	carbohydrate metabolism ↑ (with H. p. bakeri)	stomach small intestine cecum colon	Wild caught mice, likely chronic exposure to helminths	Kreisinger et al., 2015

→, no change; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; n.r., not reported; SCFA, short chain fatty acids; dpi, days post-infection; wpi, weeks post-infection; Nod2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2; WT, wild type; SFB, segmented filamentous bacteria.