Table 1.

Autoimmune diseases with potential eosinophil involvement.

Disease	Level of evidence	Potential mechanism	Eosinophil recruitment	Tissue infiltration	Blood eosinophilia
Bullous pemphigoid	Strong	Eosinophil-derived proteases degrade extracellular matrix resulting in dermal–epidermal separation	Eotaxin-1, expressed by keratinocytes	Yes	Yes, likely associated with disease severity
Inflammatory bowel diseases	Strong	Release of eosinophil peroxidase (EPX), major basic protein, IL-22-binding protein; increase in mucosal barrier permeability; potential effects on enteric nerves	Eotaxin-1 (eotaxin-2 and -3), expressed by multiple cell types	Yes, positively correlated with disease severity
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis	Moderate	Possible direct cytotoxic effects on endothelial cells, nerves, and other organs involved; prothrombotic effects	Eotaxin-3, expressed by various cell types	Yes (diagnostic criterion)	Yes (diagnostic criterion), increased Th2 cytokines
Eosinophilic myocarditis	Moderate	Possible direct cytotoxic effects on myocytes, endocardium; prothrombotic effects; mast cell activation; release of IL-4 promotes chronic disease	Eotaxin-1, -3	Yes (diagnostic criterion)	Not always present
Neuromyelitis optica	Strong	Release of EPX killing astrocytes through antibody-dependent and complement-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity	Eotaxin-2, -3	Yes, particularly in early lesions
Primary biliary cirrhosis	Weak	Unknown, potential cytotoxic effects		Yes, particularly in early stages	Yes