Figure 4.

Role of TRPM8 in the increased extracellular and intracellular ROS levels induced by M-CSE and Non-M-CSE in HBECs. Cells were pretreated with NAC, AMTB, or EGTA for 1 h and then exposed to medium alone, 1% Non-M-CSE, or 1% M-CSE for 5 (A) and 30 min (B). The ROS levels were assessed by the membrane-permeable probe hydroethidine, which was converted to red fluorescent ethidium (ETH) by ROS. The medium and cells were separately collected to measure the extracellular and intracellular levels of ROS, respectively. Data from each group are means ± SEM from four independent experiments. ^*p < 0.05 vs. the medium group; #p < 0.05 vs. the same type of CSE group without pretreatment.