Table 3.
A comparative redox proteomic analysis of the brain with DS.
| Sample | Tissue | Sample Information | Method | Differentially Expressed Proteins | Remarks | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human | frontal cortex | Young controls (12.1 ± 4.7 years old) n = 8 (four females, four males) | Redox proteomics (2D-PAGE/Oxyblot/MALDI-TOF-MS, Ion Trap-OrbitrapMS) | pTau(Ser404) (↑) carbonylated proteins UchL1 (↑), cathepsin D (↑), 78-kDa glucose- regulated protein (↑), V0-type proton ATPase subunit B, brain isoform (↑), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (↑), succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid- coenzyme A transferase 1, mitochondrial (↑) |
Impairment of the proteostasis network and autophagic pathway | [33] |
| Human | frontal cortex | Young controls (24.9 ± 9.95 years old) n = 6 (two females, four males) DS (26.9 ± 17.04 years old) n = 6 (two females, four males) Old controls (59.2 ±7.48 years old) n = 6 (two females, four males) DS/AD 59.3 ± 3.44 years old) n = 6 (four females, two males) |
Redox proteomics (2D-PAGE/4-HNE immunoblot/MALD-TOF-MS) | Protein-bound-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) DS vs young control cytochrome b-c1 complex Rieske subunit, mitochondrial (↑), GFAP (↑), glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial (↑), peroxiredoxin-2 (↑), myelin basic protein (↑), UchL1 (↑), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase-A and -C (↑), α-internexin (↑), PK isozymes M1/M2 (↑) |
Impairment of several processes, including the neuronal integrity, axonal transport, synapse connections, degenerative systems, energy production, and antioxidant defense, was noted in the brains of DS and DS/AD subjects. | [43] |
| Ts1Cje mice | whole brain (excluding cerebellum) | Control males (3 m-old) n = 3 Ts1Cje males (3 m-old) n = 3 |
Redox proteomics (2D-PAGE/4-HNE and HEL immunoblot/LC-MS) | 13-HPODE-bound protein ATP synthase, β chain (↑), Neuron specific enolase (↑), α-enolase (↑), Peroxiredoxin 6 (↑), Triosephosphate isomerase 1 (↑) 4-HNE-bound protein Neuron specific enolase (↑), Peroxiredoxin 6(↑), Neurofilament, light polypeptide (↑), α-internexin (↑), Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (↑), Triosephosphate isomerase 1 (↑) |
A redox proteomics approach revealed that the proteins modified with 13-HPODE and/or 4-HNE are involved in either ATP generation, the neuronal cytoskeleton, or antioxidant activity. | [34] |