Table 1.
Inhibitors targeting glucose metabolism.
| Target in Glucose Metabolism | Inhibitor Name | References | Clinical Testing |
|---|---|---|---|
| GLUT-1 | Fasentin | [30,31,32] | Preclinical phase only, No current clinical trials |
| STF-31 | |||
| WZB117 | |||
| Hexokinase | 3-Bromopyruvate | [33,34] | 3-BP: Preclinical only, 2-DG: Multiple phase 1/2 clinical trials in lung, prostate, breast tumors |
| 2-Deoxyglucose | [37,38,39,40,41] | ||
| GAPDH | 3-Bromopyruvate | [35,36] | Preclinical phase only |
| Phosphoglucose Isomerase | 2-Deoxyglucose | [39,40] | Multiple phase 1/2 clinical trials in lung, prostate, breast tumors |
| AMPK | Metformin | [46,47] | Multiple phase 1 through 3 clinical trials in lung, pancreatic, ovarian tumors, leukemias |
| LDH | Galloflavin | [53] | Galloflavin: Preclinical only, Gossypol: Multiple phase 1/2 clinical trials in lung, prostate, brain, leukemias and lymphomas Oxamate & FX11: Preclinical only |
| Gossypol | [55] | ||
| Oxamate | [55] | ||
| FX11 | [55] | ||
| PDK1 | Dichloroacetate | [56] | Phase 1 clinical trials in breast, lung, brain, head & neck tumors |
| Unknown Target | Diclofenac | [59] | No specific cancer therapy trials |
GLUT1: Glucose Transporter 1; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase; AMPK: 5’-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase; LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase; PDK1: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 1; BP: Bromopyruvate; DG: Deoxyglucose