Table 2.
Risk Factors for Chronic Lung Disease Defined by Presence of Cough and Hypoxia
| Characteristic | Presence of Cough |
Presence of Hypoxia or Desaturation |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate OR (95% CI) |
P | Multivariatea OR (95% CI) |
P | Univariate OR (95% CI) |
P | Multivariatea OR (95% CI) |
P | |
| Distal (Indirect) Factors | ||||||||
| Sex, female | 0.72 (0.38–1.38) | .322 | 1.24 (0.65–2.35) | .514 | ||||
| Age, years | 0.99 (0.84–1.16) | .883 | 1.00 (0.81–1.23) | .98 | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) | .68 | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) | .54 |
| Orphaned (1+ parent died) | 0.65 (0.34–1.24) | .192 | 1.36 (0.71–2.6) | .348 | ||||
| HFA, z-score | 0.85 (0.64–1.12) | .25 | 0.90 (0.68–1.18) | .451 | ||||
| WFH, z-score | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) | .798 | 0.91 (0.67–1.22) | .515 | ||||
| ART prescribed | 0.91 (0.45–1.84) | .788 | 0.79 (0.34–1.83) | .59 | 0.64 (0.32–1.28) | .207 | 0.83 (0.35–1.96) | .67 |
| Age at which ART started, years | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | .372 | 0.92 (0.8–1.06) | .227 | ||||
| CD4c <100 | 1.93 (0.53–7.04) | .32 | 4.03 (0.99–16.39) | .051 | 3.87 (0.91–16.42) | .066 | ||
| 100–199 | 1.93 (0.53–7.04) | .32 | 1.72 (0.47–6.30) | .41 | ||||
| 200–349 | 1.50 (0.52–4.31) | .45 | 0.79 (0.26–2.41) | .67 | ||||
| >349 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||||
| Proximal (Direct) Factors | ||||||||
| Previous TB | 1.49 (0.69–3.22) | .316 | 1.51 (0.7–3.24) | .295 | ||||
| Smoker in household | 0.44 (0.15–1.25) | .104 | 0.49 (0.18–1.33) | .145 | ||||
| NYHA grade 3 or 4 | 1.65 (0.84–3.24) | .148 | 0.77 (0.39–1.52) | .45 | ||||
| Wheeze | 11.47 (2.44–53.83) | <.001 | 6.94 (1.38–34.95) | .019 | 0.44 (0.12–1.66) | .198 | ||
| CFQ-R physical domain | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | <.001 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | .017 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | .623 | ||
| Clubbing | 1.19 (0.54–2.63) | .666 | 2.28 (1.04–4.99) | .038 | 1.28 (0.50–3.25) | .60 | ||
| Respiratory rate, >25/min at rest | 0.98 (0.50–1.93) | .948 | 3.00 (1.52–5.92) | .001 | 2.39 (1.06–5.38) | .032 | ||
| Pulse rate, beats/min | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | .185 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | .585 | ||||
| CXR abnormalityb | 3.00 (1.15–7.85) | .023 | 3.43 (1.01–11.65) | .048 | 1.04 (0.4–2.7) | .941 | ||
| Abnormal spirometry | 2.61 (1.29–5.28) | .007 | 2.09 (0.94–4.66) | .072 | 1.65 (0.83–3.28) | .153 | ||
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; CFQ-R, Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised; CXR, chest x-ray; HFA, height for age; NYHA, New York Heart Association breathlessness scale; OR, odds ratio; TB, tuberculosis; WFH, weight for height.
aAdjusted for priori variables: age, sex, and being on ART and significant distal and proximal variables.
bDefined here as consolidation, volume loss, or lymphadenopathy because other findings were nondiscriminatory.
cComparator population is those with CD4 >349. Participants diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis are not included in this analysis.