Table 1. Active trachoma prevalence and community, household and individual characteristics of children aged 1–9 years with eye examination results, categorized according to community sanitation usage, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2011–2014 .

Characteristics	n	Value (95% CI) for clusters where percentage of households with latrines with evidence of use was:a
		0 to < 20	20 to < 40	40 to < 60	60 to < 80	≥ 80	All
% of children
With active trachoma	62 869	0.31(0.29–0.33)	0.33 (0.30–0.36)	0.30 (0.28–0.33)	0.26 (0.23–0.28)	0.23 (0.21–0.25)	0.29 (0.28–0.30)
With trachomatous inflammation
Follicular	62 869	0.28 (0.26–0.31)	0.30(0.27–0.34)	0.28 (0.25–0.31)	0.23 (0.21–0.25)	0.21 (0.19–0.23)	0.26 (0.25–0.27)
Intense	62 869	0.06 (0.05–0.07)	0.06 (0.05–0.07)	0.07(0.05–0.08)	0.05 (0.04–0.06)	0.04 (0.04–0.05)	0.06 (0.05–0.06)
Community
No. of children’s communities	1 510	412	279	260	302	257	1 510
Median no. of MDA receivedb	1 510	2.37 (2.28–2.47)	2.62 (2.53–2.71)	2.72 (2.62–2.83)	2.72 (2.63–2.81)	2.91 (2.80–3.02)	2.65 (2.61–2.69)
People per square kilometerc	1 508	303 (206–399)	391 (280–501)	665 (348–982)	1 022 (701–1 343)	1 696 (1 244–2 149)	786 (670–901)
Proportion of communities with health facilityd	1 414	0.15 (0.11–0.20)	0.28 (0.22–0.35)	0.28 (0.22–0.35)	0.26 (0.21–0.32)	0.33 (0.27–0.39)	0.25 (0.23–0.28)
No. of wealth indicators per householde	1 510	0.74 (0.68–0.79)	0.95 (0.87–1.03)	1.19 (1.09–1.28)	1.38 (1.27–1.49)	1.72 (1.58–1.87)	1.17 (1.13–1.21)
Household
No. of children’s households	35 977	10 279	6 764	6 070	7 043	5 821	35 977
% of households In which highest education of any adult was:f	35 595	–	–	–	–	–	–
None	–	0.56 (0.54–0.59)	0.53 (0.49–0.56)	0.49 (0.45–0.52)	0.43 (0.40–0.46)	0.43 (0.39–0.47)	0.49 (0.48–0.51)
Religious	–	0.02 (0.02–0.03)	0.03 (0.02–0.04)	0.03 (0.02–0.03)	0.03 (0.02–0.04)	0.02 (0.02–0.03)	0.03 (0.02–0.03)
Primary school	–	0.21 (0.19–0.23)	0.16 (0.14–0.18)	0.19 (0.16–0.21)	0.18(0.16–0.20)	0.18 (0.16–0.21)	0.18 (0.18–0.19)
Junior secondary	–	0.13 (0.11–0.14)	0.17 (0.15–0.19)	0.17 (0.15–0.19)	0.19 (0.17–0.20)	0.17 (0.15–0.19)	0.16 (0.16–0.17)
Senior secondary	–	0.04 (0.03–0.04)	0.06 (0.05–0.08)	0.08 (0.07–0.09)	0.11 (0.10–0.12)	0.12 (0.10–0.14)	0.08 (0.07–0.08)
College or university	–	0.00 (0.00–0.01)	0.01 (0.01–0.01)	0.01 (0.01–0.02)	0.03 (0.02–0.04)	0.04 (0.03–0.05)	0.02 (0.02–0.02)
Non-formal	–	0.04(0.03–0.05)	0.04 (0.03–0.05)	0.04 (0.03–0.05)	0.04 (0.03–0.05)	0.03 (0.02–0.04)	0.04 (0.03–0.04)
% of households owning mobile phone	35 584	0.11 (0.09–0.13)	0.18 (0.15–0.21)	0.23 (0.20–0.26)	0.25 (0.21–0.28)	0.32 (0.29–0.36)	0.21 (0.19–0.22)
% of households owning radio	35 599	0.11 (0.10–0.13)	0.13 (0.11–0.15)	0.18 (0.16–0.20)	0.22 (0.19–0.24)	0.24 (0.21–0.27)	0.17 (0.16–0.18)
% of households owning television	35 589	0.00 (0.00–0.01)	0.01 (0.01–0.02)	0.02 (0.01–0.03)	0.05 (0.03–0.08)	0.12 (0.09–0.14)	0.04 (0.03–0.04)
% of households with bathing water within a journey of < 30 minutes	37 502	0.61 (0.57–0.66)	0.69 (0.64–0.73)	0.68 (0.62–0.73)	0.70 (0.65–0.74)	0.74 (0.69–0.78)	0.68 (0.66–0.70)
% of households with a latrine	35 863	0.12 (0.11–0.14)	0.38 (0.36–0.39)	0.58 (0.56–0.59)	0.77 (0.76–0.78)	0.93 (0.92–0.94)	0.52 (0.50–0.53)
% of households with a latrine with evidence of use	35 762	0.08 (0.07–0.09)	0.32(0.31–0.33)	0.53 (0.52–0.54)	0.74 (0.73–0.75)	0.92 (0.91–0.93)	0.48 (0.47–0.50)
% of households with any trachoma prevention knowledgeg	35 565	0.52 (0.48–0.55)	0.58 (0.53–0.62)	0.60 (0.55–0.64)	0.70 (0.66–0.72)	0.70 (0.66–0.73)	0.61 (0.60–0.62)
% of households with electricity	35 584	0.02 (0.01–0.04)	0.06 (0.03–0.09)	0.08 (0.05–0.12)	0.18 (0.14–0.23)	0.26 (0.21–0.31)	0.11 (0.10–0.13)
% of households with iron roof	35 782	0.51 (0.48–0.55)	0.58 (0.53–0.62)	0.67 (0.62–0.71)	0.73 (0.70–0.77)	0.75 (0.71–0.79)	0.64 (0.62–0.65)
Individual
No. of children	62 869	19 484	11 755	10 162	11 832	9 636	62 869
Age in years	62 869	4.99 (4.94–5.04)	5.10 (5.04–5.17)	5.15 (5.09–5.22)	5.18 (5.12–5.25)	5.23 (5.15–5.30)	5.12 (5.09–5.14)
% being boys	62 806	0.48 (0.47–0.49)	0.48 (0.47–0.49)	0.49 (0.47–0.50)	0.49 (0.48–0.50)	0.48 (0.47–0.49)	0.48 (0.48–0.49)
Reporting receipt of:	62 158
0 MDA		0.26 (0.23–0.29)	0.22 (0.19–0.24)	0.19 (0.16–0.21)	0.18 (0.15–0.21)	0.15 (0.13–0.17)	0.21 (0.19–0.22)
1 MDA		0.15 (0.14–0.16)	0.15 (0.14–0.17)	0.15 (0.14–0.16)	0.16 (0.14–0.17)	0.14 (0.13–0.15)	0.15 (0.14–0.16)
2 MDA		0.32 (0.30–0.34)	0.33 (0.31–0.35)	0.31 (0.29–0.34)	0.32 (0.30–0.34)	0.29 (0.27–0.32)	0.32 (0.31–0.33)
3 MDA		0.22 (0.20–0.24)	0.24 (0.22–0.27)	0.26 (0.24–0.29)	0.26 (0.24–0.29)	0.30 (0.27–0.32)	0.25 (0.24–0.26)
4 MDA		0.04 (0.03–0.05)	0.05 (0.04–0.07)	0.07 (0.06–0.09)	0.07 (0.05–0.08)	0.10 (0.08–0.12)	0.06 (0.06–0.07)
5 MDA		0.01 (0.01–0.02)	0.01 (0.00–0.01)	0.01 (0.01–0.02)	0.02 (0.01–0.03)	0.03 (0.02–0.04)	0.01 (0.01–0.02)
Reporting receipt of at least one MDA	62 767	0.74 (0.72–0.77)	0.79 (0.76–0.81)	0.82 (0.79–0.84)	0.82 (0.79–0.85)	0.85 (0.83–0.88)	0.80 (0.78–0.81)
Reporting school attendance	61 185	0.17 (0.16–0.19)	0.21 (0.20–0.23)	0.24 (0.22–0.26)	0.25 (0.24–0.27)	0.29 (0.28–0.31)	0.23 (0.22–0.23)
Without ocular or nasal discharge	58 450	0.72 (0.69–0.75)	0.75 (0.72–0.78)	0.79 (0.76–0.82)	0.77 (0.74–0.80)	0.82 (0.80–0.85)	0.77 (0.75–0.78)

CI: confidence interval; MDA: mass drug administration.

^a All values followed by confidence intervals are means.

^b Reportedly, by all residents.

^c Values extracted, using geographical coordinates in ArcMap 10.1 (ESRI, Redlands, USA), from raster surface with 2011 population density, generated using the Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s LandScan.³⁰

^d A health centre, health post or hospital.

^e The household wealth indicators were ownership of mobile phone, ownership of radio, ownership of television, an iron roof and access to electricity.

^f The highest level of education reported to have been completed either by respondents in the 2011 survey or by any household member in the subsequent surveys.

^g That is, the unprompted reporting of one or more forms of trachoma prevention.