PVCs are a powerful and unique cardiovascular stimulus. (A) Percentage of intrinsic cardiac (IC) neurons responding to premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) versus afferent cardiovascular stimuli. (B) Percentage of neurons responding to PVCs versus efferent cardiovascular stimuli. (C) Percentage of neurons responding to PVCs versus pacing. Note that the vast majority of neurons that responded to afferent and efferent cardiovascular stimuli, as well as pacing, also responded to PVCs. BSGS, bilateral stellate ganglia stimulation; BVNS; bilateral vagus nerve stimulation; IVC, inferior vena cava; RA, right atrium; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract. *, P<0.001.