Table 1.
Participant Characteristics
| HV (n=27) | DMDD (n=31) | ADHD (n=25) | Comparison | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) female | 15 (56) | 15 (48.4) | 10 (40) | χ2=1.26, p=.53 |
| Age, Mean (SD) | 15.17 (1.90) | 13.74 (2.30) | 14.24 (2.54) | F (2,80)=2.94, p=.06, ηp2=.07 |
| IQ, Mean (SD) | 110.78 (11.68) | 110.48 (14.83) | 117.76 (12.26) | F(2,80)=2.59, p=.08, ηp2=.061 |
| Head Motion, Mean (SD) | 0.072 (0.025) | 0.100 (0.040) | 0.075 (0.044) | F(2,80)=4.80, p=.01, η p2 =.11 |
| ARI, Mean (SD)a | 0.57 (0.99) | 5.73 (2.56) | 2.34 (1.93) | F(2,76)=46.596, p<.001, np2=.55 |
| CPRS Total, Mean (SD)b | 42.86 (2.87) | 70.69 (14.50) | 66.30 (9.76) | F(2,70)=44.14, p<.001, np2=.56 |
| CPRS Inattention, Mean (SD)b | 43.05 (2.60) | 67.83 (13.15) | 64.39 (9.54) | F(2,70)=41.34, p<.001, np2=.54 |
| CPRS Hyperactivity, Mean (SD)b | 45.10 (2.86) | 69.83 (14.61) | 64.52 (13.69) | F(2,70)=26.80, p<.001, np2=.43 |
| CPRS Lability, Mean (SD)b | 42.91 (2.21) | 68.66 (12.21) | 49.74 (6.43) | F(2,70)=61.50, p<.001, np2=.64 |
| CGAS, Mean (SD)c | – | 49.97 (8.80) | 70.91 (8.24) | t(52)=8.88, p<.001, d=2.5 |
| Lifetime diagnoses, n (%) | ||||
| MDD | – | 11 (36.7) | 0 (0) | χ2=10.65, p=.001 |
| ODD or CD | – | 28 (90.3) | 0 (0) | χ2=45.16, p<.001 |
| Any anxiety disorder | – | 19 (61.3) | 3 (12) | χ2=14.10, p<.001 |
| ADHD | – | 24 (77) | 25 (100) | χ2=6.45, p=.011 |
| Inattentive type | – | 11 | 17 | |
| Hyperactive type | – | 0 | 1 | |
| Combined type | – | 10 | 7 | |
| ADHD-NOS | – | 3 | 0 | |
| Medication, n (%) | ||||
| None (after withholding stimulants) | – | 13 (41.9) | 24 (96) | χ2=18.05, p<.001 |
| Antipsychotic | – | 11 (35.5) | 0 (0) | χ2=11.04, p=.001 |
| Antiepileptic | – | 4 (12.9) | 0 (0) | χ2=3.47, p=.06 |
| Antidepressant | – | 10 (32.3) | 1 (4) | χ2=7.00, p=.008 |
Note: Demographic and clinical data are summarized for each group: healthy volunteers (HV), patients with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), and patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Analyses of variance, independent-samples t-tests, or chi-square tests were used to compare across groups. Significant group differences are marked in bold. ARI = affective reactivity index; CD = conduct disorder; CGAS = Children’s Global Assessment Scale; CPRS = Conners Parent Rating Scale; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; NOS = not otherwise specified.
ARI scores were missing from 4 HVs.
CPRS scores were missing from 6 HV, 2 individuals with DMDD, and 2 with ADHD.
CGAS scores were missing from 2 patients with ADHD.