TABLE 3.
Average and 95% Confidence Intervals of Peak and Mean Forces Experienced by the Intact Spinal Segment and Spinal Structures During Different Methods of SMT Application
| Method of SMT Application | Intact Specimen | |||||
| Peak | Mean | |||||
| X (lateral) | Y (ant post) | Z (sup inf) | X (lateral) | Y (ant post) | Z (sup inf) | |
| INST | 0.41 N;*,† 95% CI: (−7.37, 8.20) | −1.64 N; *,†95% CI: (−3.40, 0.11) | 4.79 N; 95% CI: (−5.85, 15.45) | 6.56 N; 95% CI: (−0.20, 13.32) | −3.38 N; 95% CI: (−5.12, −1.64) | 2.20 N; 95% CI: (−8.63, 13.03) |
| MAN | −14.92 N; 95% CI: (−24.78, −5.06) | −22.23 N; 95% CI: (−29.45, −15.02) | 13.84 N; 95% CI: (4.84, 22.85) | 4.32 N; 95% CI: (−4.08, 12.73) | −4.06 N; 95% CI: (−6.95, −1.16) | 10.01 N; 95% CI: (3.17, 16.85) |
| SERVO | −11.78 N; 95% CI: (−22.17, −1.40) | −24.00 N; 95% CI: (−29.09, −18.90) | 7.33 N; 95% CI: (2.58, 12.09) | 2.26 N; 95% CI: (−5.27, 9.79) | −5.66 N; 95% CI: (−7.72, −3.60) | 8.50 N; 95% CI: (2.74, 14.25) |
| Supra- and interspinous ligaments | ||||||
| Peak | Mean | |||||
| X (lateral) | Y (ant post) | Z (sup inf) | X (lateral) | Y (ant post) | Z (sup inf) | |
| INST | −0.02 N; 95% CI: (−0.08, 0.02) | −0.08 N; 95% CI: (−0.31, 0.14) | −0.05 N; 95% CI: (−0.22, 0.11) | −0.03 N; 95% CI: (−0.06, −0.00) | −0.24 N; 95% CI: (−0.31, −0.17) | −0.08 N; *95% CI: (−0.22, 0.05) |
| MAN | 0.08 N; 95% CI: (−0.13, 0.30) | −0.00 N; 95% CI: (−0.05, 0.03) | 0.18 N; 95% CI: (−0.02, 0.39) | −0.05 N; 95% CI: (−0.10, −0.00) | −0.13 N; 95% CI: (−0.52, 0.26) | −1.04 N;† 95% CI: (−2.22, 0.15) |
| SERVO | −0.00 N; 95% CI: (−0.03, 0.03) | −0.03 N; 95% CI: (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.06 N; 95% CI: (−0.52, 0.39) | 0.11 N; 95% CI: (−0.14, 0.37) | −0.15 N; 95% CI: (−0.31, 0.37) | −0.33 N; 95% CI: (−1.24, 0.56) |
| Facet Joints, Capsules and Ligamentum Flavum | ||||||
| Peak | Mean | |||||
| X (lateral) | Y (ant post) | Z (sup inf) | X (lateral) | Y (ant post) | Z (sup inf) | |
| INST | −0.18 N; 95% CI: (−0.42, 0.05) | 0.23 N; 95% CI: (−0.42, 0.88) | −0.18 N;*,† 95% CI: (−0.84, 0.47) | −0.12 N; 95% CI: (−0.23, −0.01) | 0.39 N;* 95% CI: (0.00, 0.78) | −0.21 N; *95% CI: (−0.50, 0.06) |
| MAN | −0.24 N; 95% CI: (−1.10, 0.61) | 0.04 N; 95% CI: (−0.43, 0.51) | 0.31 N; 95% CI: (0.00, 0.62) | −0.37 N; 95% CI: (−0.61, −0.13) | −0.63 N;† 95% CI: (−2.51, 1.24) | −1.22 N;† 95% CI: (−3.13, 0.68) |
| SERVO | 0.17 N; 95% CI: (−0.06, 0.40) | 0.17 N; 95% CI: (0.06, 0.27) | 0.54 N; 95% CI: (−0.20, 1.28) | −0.12 N; 95% CI: (−0.38, 0.14) | 0.74 N; 95% CI: (−0.16, 1.66) | −0.68 N; 95% CI: (−2.06, 0.69) |
| Intervertebral disc, anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments | ||||||
| Peak | Mean | |||||
| X (lateral) | Y (ant post) | Z (sup inf) | X (lateral) | Y (ant post) | Z (sup inf) | |
| INST | −0.82 N;† 95% CI: (−1.00, −0.64) | −0.65 N; *,†95% CI: (−1.23, −0.07) | −0.42 N;† 95% CI: (−1.17, 0.32) | −0.73 N; 95% CI: (−0.87, −0.59) | −0.90 N;* 95% CI: (−1.21, −0.60) | −0.78 N; †95% CI: (−1.19, −0.37) |
| MAN | −0.82 N;† 95% CI: (−1.50, −0.14) | −1.01 N; 95% CI: (−1.26, −0.76) | −0.33 N;† 95% CI: (−0.97, 0.31) | −0.46 N; 95% CI: (−1.00, 0.08) | 0.85 N;† 95% CI: (−0.98, 2.68) | −0.64 N;† 95% CI: (−3.05, 1.76) |
| SERVO | −1.16 N; 95% CI: (−1.49, −0.84) | −0.95 N; 95% CI: (−1.03, −0.87) | 0.68 N; 95% CI: (−0.66, 2.03) | −0.38 N; 95% CI: (−1.93, 1.16) | −0.48 N; 95% CI: (−1.15, 0.17) | −3.37 N; 95% CI: (−5.51, −1.23) |
CI indicates confidence interval; INST, mechanical force manually assisted instrument (Activator V-E); MAN, manual spinal manipulative therapy application; SERVO, linear actuator motor; SMT, spinal manipulative therapy. Negative forces correspond to the opposite direction of the force observed in relation to the direction of the axis of movement.
*Significant difference (P < 0.05) in comparison with MAN.
†Significant difference (P < 0.05) in comparison with SERVO.