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Functions of the AT1 receptor on immune cells. Proinflammatory stimuli drive the differentiation of M1 macrophages (left) and Th1 T lymphocytes (right) that release pathogenic cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF, and IFN-γ (IFNG). In preclinical studies, activation of the AT1 receptor on macrophages and T cells limits their differentiation toward proinflammatory lineages, thus inhibiting the production and release of these cytokines that drive hypertensive kidney injury and fibrosis.
