Table 1. Characteristics of the participants by hot flash profiles.
| Parameters | Hot flash status | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Mild to moderate | Severe | ||
| n | 52 | 47 | 52 | |
| Age, years | 55 (51.5, 58.0) | 53 (51, 56) | 53 (51.0,55.5) | .074† |
| MP_duration, years | 4.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 2.0 (1.7, 4.0) | 2.5 (2.0, 5.0) | .054† |
| SBP, mmHg | 110 (98, 115) | 112 (96, 116) | 114 (102, 120) | .065† |
| DBP, mmHg | 71 (64, 75) | 73 (64, 75) | 72 (66, 75) | .592† |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.8 ± 2.7 | 22.6 ± 2.6 | 23.5 ± 2.4 | .175‡ |
| FSH, mIU/mL | 69 ± 24 | 67 ± 25 | 65 ± 21 | .316‡ |
| Estradiol, pg/mL | < 20 | < 20 | < 20 | — |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 92 ± 9 | 95 ± 7 | 99 ± 7* | < .0001‡ |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.5 (5.2, 5.6) | 5.4 (5.2, 5.7) | 5.6 (5.25, 5.8) | .189† |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 209 (191, 228) | 202 (173, 223) | 201.5 (182, 236) | .291† |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 110 (84, 144) | 97 (72, 144) | 126 (81, 192) | .090† |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 56 (46, 68) | 52 (46, 58) | 52 (44, 62) | .345† |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 126 (104, 145) | 123 (101, 139) | 125 (103, 142) | .662† |
| Insulin, pg/ml | 339 (261, 469) | 394 (256, 509) | 515 (388, 732)* | < .0001† |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 9.2 (4.9, 11.5) | 10.2 (7.4, 15.6) | 16.2 (10.3, 20.6)* | < .0001† |
| Adiponectin, ug/mL | 14.9 (11.3, 21.9) | 14.7 (8.3, 29.0) | 8.1 (6.3, 11.9)* | < .0001† |
| Leptin to Adiponetin ratio | 0.63 (0.25, 1.09) | 0.82 (0.36, 1.63) | 1.73 (1.08, 2.84)* | < .0001† |
| Resistin, ng/mL | 16.2 (12.6, 22.8) | 15.8 (11.6, 21.1) | 13.5 (11.3, 18.4) | .095† |
| HOMA-IR | 1.20 (0.90, 1.84) | 1.56 (1.00, 2.11) | 2.13 (1.64, 2.97)* | < .0001† |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (Q1, Q3). Statistical analysis was conducted by ANOVA test (marked with ‡) or Kruskal-Wallis test (marked with †) to compare the mean/median differences between three groups of postmenopausal women with or without hot flashes. Tukey’s post hoc tests were then performed to find significant differences between groups.
*, significant difference between Group S and Group M (p < 0.05) and Group S and Group N (p < 0.001).
Abbreviations: Q, quarter; Q1, 25th percentile; Q3, 75th percentile; MP_duration, menopause period since final menstrual period; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.