Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of sleep, substance use, and demographic variables by sleep disturbance type assessed at pre-treatment and substance use at 12-months post-treatment
| Insomnia symptoms | Hypersomnia symptoms | Both insomnia and hypersomnia symptoms | No sleep disturbance | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Characteristic | Mean or n | SD or % | Mean or n | SD or % | Mean or n | SD or % | Mean or n | SD or % |
| Pre-treatment sleep disturbance | 1885 | 26.3% | 680 | 9.5% | 2008 | 28.0% | 2595 | 36.2% |
| 12-month sleep disturbance | 784 | 26.4% | 289 | 9.7% | 784 | 26.4% | 1108 | 37.4% |
| Age | 34.0 | 7.3 | 30.7 | 6.8 | 32.1 | 7.0 | 32.9 | 7.2 |
| Gender (n=female) | 623 | 33.1% | 248 | 36.5% | 825 | 41.1% | 755 | 29.1% |
| Race | ||||||||
| African-American | 944 | 50.1% | 331 | 48.7% | 890 | 44.3% | 1,485 | 57.2% |
| Caucasian | 682 | 36.2% | 255 | 37.5% | 831 | 41.4% | 744 | 28.7% |
| Hispanic | 213 | 11.3% | 79 | 11.6% | 239 | 11.9% | 300 | 11.6% |
| Other | 46 | 2.4% | 15 | 2.2% | 48 | 2.4% | 66 | 2.5% |
| Education Level | ||||||||
| Grade school | 92 | 4.9% | 21 | 3.1% | 105 | 5.2% | 95 | 3.7% |
| High school | 583 | 30.9% | 206 | 30.3% | 661 | 32.9% | 824 | 31.8% |
| High school degree | 733 | 38.9% | 270 | 39.7% | 750 | 37.4% | 994 | 38.3% |
| Some college | 317 | 16.8% | 132 | 19.4% | 329 | 16.4% | 464 | 17.9% |
| Associate’s degree | 81 | 4.3% | 21 | 3.1% | 79 | 3.9% | 109 | 4.2% |
| Bachelor’s degree | 65 | 3.5% | 22 | 3.2% | 77 | 3.8% | 95 | 3.7% |
| Advanced degree | 13 | 0.7% | 8 | 1.2% | 7 | 0.3% | 14 | 0.5% |
| Depression history | 1,057 | 56.3% | 273 | 40.3% | 1,437 | 72.0% | 565 | 21.8% |
| Substance use type | ||||||||
| Alcohol | 310 | 16.4% | 102 | 15.0% | 313 | 15.6% | 332 | 12.8% |
| Cocaine | 1,069 | 56.7% | 475 | 69.9% | 1,271 | 63.3% | 1,679 | 64.7% |
| Heroin | 506 | 26.8% | 103 | 15.1% | 424 | 21.1% | 584 | 22.5% |
| Substance use frequencya | 5.3 | 2.3 | 4.9 | 2.2 | 5.3 | 2.2 | 4.8 | 2.3 |
| Substance use during treatment assessed at 12-month follow-upb | ||||||||
| Alcohol (use/no use) | 160/595 | 21.2% | 46/234 | 16.4% | 149/606 | 19.7% | 206/849 | 19.5% |
| Cocaine (use/no use) | 139/614 | 18.5% | 44/234 | 15.8% | 134/617 | 17.8% | 182/869 | 17.3% |
| Heroin (use/no use) | 120/633 | 17.3% | 29/251 | 10.4% | 98/654 | 13.0% | 143/910 | 13.6% |
| Substance use in past 12-months assessed at 12-month follow-upb | ||||||||
| Alcohol (use/no use) | 438/346 | 55.9% | 160/129 | 55.4% | 442/342 | 56.4% | 595/512 | 53.7% |
| Cocaine (use/no use) | 301/479 | 38.6% | 118/170 | 41.0% | 331/453 | 42.2% | 362/744 | 32.7% |
| Heroin (use/no use) | 157/623 | 20.1% | 41/247 | 14.2% | 122/661 | 15.6% | 195/911 | 17.6% |
a
4 = 3–4 times/week, 5 = 5–6 times/week, 6 = daily or almost every day;
b
Percentages correspond to number of cases reporting use divided by total number of cases by sleep disturbance type.