Table 2.

Comparison of substance use and substance use frequency for participants with a lifetime history of insomnia, hypersomnia symptoms, or both insomnia and hypersomnia symptoms compared to no sleep disturbance symptoms assessed at pre-treatment.

	β	SE	z/t	p	OR	95% C.I.
Insomnia symptoms
Alcohol (reference: cocaine)	0.315	0.096	3.270	.001	1.37	[1.13, 1.66]
Heroin (reference: cocaine)	0.282	0.082	3.430	.001	1.33	[1.13, 1.56]
Alcohol (reference: heroin)	0.059	0.107	0.560	.579	1.06	[0.86, 1.31]
Substance use frequency	0.424	0.071	5.940	<.001	-	[0.28, 0.56]
Hypersomnia symptoms
Alcohol (reference: cocaine)	0.068	0.130	0.530	.599	1.07	[0.83, 1.38]
Cocaine (Reference: heroin)	0.370	0.128	2.900	.004	1.45	[1.13, 1.86]
Alcohol (reference: heroin)	0.369	0.162	2.270	.023	1.45	[1.05, 1.99]
Substance use frequency	0.050	0.098	0.510	.609	-	[−0.14, 0.24]
Insomnia and hypersomnia symptoms
Alcohol (reference: cocaine)	0.117	0.099	1.180	.238	1.12	[0.93, 1.37]
Heroin (reference: cocaine)	−0.007	0.088	−0.080	.934	0.99	[0.84, 1.18]
Alcohol (reference: heroin)	0.096	0.113	0.850	.398	1.10	[0.88, 1.37]
Substance use frequency	0.508	0.074	6.900	<.001	-	[0.36, 0.65]

Dependent variables: alcohol use, cocaine use, heroin use, or substance use frequency assessed at pre-treatment. Independent variables: a lifetime history of insomnia, hypersomnia symptoms, or both insomnia and hypersomnia symptoms compared to no sleep disturbance symptoms assessed at pre-treatment. Covariates: age, sex, race, education level, and depression history assessed at pre-treatment.