. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Child Abuse Negl. 2016 Oct 27;71:44–55. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.10.016

Table 3.

Multivariate Analyses of Covariance to Test Change from Time 1 to Time 2

Country	Corporal Punishment F	Severe Corporal Punishment F	Belief in Need to Use Corporal Punishment F
Ukraine: Outlawed corporal punishment prior to Time 1
Pillai’s F(3, 6296) = 14.15	15.98	22.63	17.58
Togo: Outlawed corporal punishment between Times 1 and 2
Pillai’s F(3, 6470) = 37.46	14.47	59.50	12.45
Countries that outlawed corporal punishment after Time 2
Albania
Pillai’s F(3, 4686) = 84.52	149.90	121.10	110.70
Macedonia
Pillai’s F(3, 4549) = 43.22	5.97^a	115.12	31.30
Countries that have not outlawed corporal punishment as of 2016
Central African Republic
Pillai’s F(3, 11,047) = 31.60	40.73	20.02	68.70
Kazakhstan
Pillai’s F(3, 11,665) = 23.06	65.37	6.96^a	.91^a
Montenegro
Pillai’s F(3, 1782) = 10.37	15.90	7.46^a	3.70^a
Sierra Leone
Pillai’s F(3, 9828) = 88.10	164.97	28.43	163.64

Note. Analyses controlled for child age and child gender.

Time 1 mean does not significantly differ from Time 2 mean in the same country, p > .001.