Table 1. Participants' language backgrounds^a.

	Mandarin Learners	Naïve Controls
Native English monolinguals	15	7
Native English bilinguals	7	5
Non-Native English bilinguals	4	0

^aParticipants filled out the Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (Marian, Blumenfeld, & Kaushanskaya, 2007) and were classified according their self-reported comprehension ability on a 1-10 scale. Participants who reported their comprehension skills for all non-English languages as 5 or less were considered monolingual. Bilingual participants reported significant comprehension in Spanish (8), Korean (4), Czech (1), Esperanto (1), French (1), and Japanese (1).