Figure 3. TNF increases SAA1 promoter activity via NF-κB signaling. (A) DNA sequences of the human SAA1 promoter. (B) Effect of TNF and IκB on luciferase activity of SAA1 promoter in SKOV-3 cells. Results were normalized to the protein level and represented as a fold increase compared to empty vector (pA) controls. (C) Effects of TNF on luciferase activity of the SAA1 promoter with NF-κB site deletions. After SKOV-3 cells were transfected with SAA1 luciferase vectors overnight, cells were treated with TNF (10 ng/ml) for 6 h, followed by luciferase assay. Results were normalized to the protein level and represented as a fold increase compared to non-treated control. Grey and white colors indicate NF-κB like (lower case for unmatched DNA sequence) and consensus sites, respectively. ^*Indicates significant increase (p≤0.05) compared to its own control as calculated by the paired Student's t test.