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. 2017 Apr 28;8:466. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00466

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Copyright © 2017 Kumar, Rani, Ehtesham and Hasnain.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Growth regulation by Mycobacterium for adaptation to stress/dormancy. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) IciA (inhibitor of chromosome initiation) binds to the A + T rich oriC region of the M.tb genome and inhibits helix opening resulting in the arrest of chromosomal DNA replication (31). Activated toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems cleave mRNA to shut down metabolic activity (32). Peddireddy et al. (35) have also described the role of TA systems in M.tb and Mycobacterium smegmatis to remain in non-replicating phase that help bacteria in antibiotic tolerance. Highly expressed protein DATIN/RafH of Mycobacterium inhibits translation by binding with the ribosome under conditions of stress (33, 34). Confirmed and putative roles are indicated with continuous and dashed arrows, respectively.