Table 1.
Characteristics of killer toxins from genus other than Pichia.
| Killer Yeast | Strain (Killer Toxin) | Molecular Mass (kDa) | Glycoprotein Nature | Genetic Basis | Primary Receptors | Mode of Action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candida nodaensis | PYCC 3198 (CnKT) | - | No | Chromosome | - | - | [45] |
| Debaryomyces robertsiae | CBS6693 (-) | >100.0 | dsDNA (pWR1A pWR1B) | Chitin | - | [46] | |
| Hanseniaspora uvarum | 470 (-) | 18.0 | No | dsRNA | (1→6)-β-d-glucans | - | [47] |
| Kluyveromyces lactis | IFO1267 (Zymocin) | α (97.0); β (31.0); γ (28.0) |
Yes (α), No (β, γ) | dsDNA (pGKL1) | Chitin <β2> | rRNA fragmentation | [48] |
| Kluyveromyces phaffii | DBVPG 6076 (KpKt) | 33.0 | Yes | Chromosome | (1→6)-β-d-glucans; (1→3)-β-d-glucans |
Glucanase activity | [49] |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | KL88 (K1) |
α (9,5); β (9.0) |
No | M1-dsRNA | (1→6)-β-d-glucans | Ionic channels formation in plasma membrane | [50] |
| - (K2) |
α (21.0); β (5.0) |
Yes | M2-dsRNA | (1→6)-β-d-glucans | Increase in plasma membrane permeability | [51,52] | |
| CBS8112 (K28) |
α (10,5); β (11.0) |
Yes | M28-dsRNA | Mannoproteins | Toxin entry by endocytosis and cell cycle arresting in S phase | [53] | |
| - (Klus) |
α (?), β (?) | Yes | Mlus-dsRNA | - | - | [54] | |
| 111 (KHR) |
20.0 | - | Chromosome | - | - | [55] | |
| - (KHS) |
75.0 | - | - | - | Increase of membrane permeability to ions | [3] | |
| Schwanniomyces occidentalis | ATCC 44252 (-) |
α (7.4); β (4.9) |
No | Chromosome | Mannoproteins | Plasma membrane damage | [36] |
| Ustilago maydis | P1 (KP1) |
(19.0) α, β | - | dsRNA (P1) | - | Increase of membrane permeability to ions | [56] |
| P2 (KP2) |
11.1 | - | - | - | Increase of membrane permeability to ions | [3] | |
| P4 (KP4) |
13.6 | - | dsRNA (P4) | - | Inhibition of Ca+ channels | [57] | |
| P6 (KP6) |
α (8.6); β (9.1) |
- | dsRNA (P6) | - | K+ depletion | [58] | |
| Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii | IFO 0895 (HM-1) |
10.7 | No | Chromosome | (1→6)-β-d-glucans; (1→3)-β-d-glucans |
Inhibition of b-1,3-glucan synthase | [59,60] |
| Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus | IFO 0117 (HYI) |
9.5 | No | Chromosome | - | (1→3)-b-D-glucans sintase inhibition | [61,62] |
| Zygosaccharomyces bailii | 412 (KT412) |
10.0 | No | dsRNA | Mannoproteins | Plasma membrane damage | [63] |
| Torulaspora delbrueckii | Kbarr (Kbarr-1) |
α (?), β (?), γ (?) |
Yes | dsRNA | - | - | [64] |
| NPCC 1033 (TdKT) | >30.0 | - | - | (1→3)-β-d-glucans | Cell wall disruption and apoptotic death processes | [9] |