Table 2.
Killer toxins from genus Pichia.
| Killer Yeast | Strain/s (Killer Toxin) | Molecular Mass (kDa) | Glycoprotein Nature | Genetic Basis | Primary Receptors | Mode of Action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P. acaciae | NRRLY-18665 (PaT) | α (110), β (39), γ (38) | Yes | dsDNA (pPac1-2) | Chitin | Cell cycle arrest in G1, chitinase activity | [30] |
| P. anomala | NCYC434 (Panomycocin) |
49.0 | Yes | ? | (1→3)-β-d-glucans | (1→3)-β-d-glucan hydrolysis | [65] |
| ATCC 96603/K36/UP25F (PaKT) | 85.0 | - | Chromosome | β-Glucan | - | [66] | |
| DBVPG 3003 (Pikt) | 8.0 | - | Chromosome | (1→6)-β-d-glucans | - | [67] | |
| YF07b (-) | 47.0 | - | Chromosome | - | (1→3)-β-d-glucanase activity | [68] | |
| VKM-Y (WAKTa/b) | - | - | - | - | - | [69] | |
| P. farinosa | KK1 (SMKT) |
α (6.6), β (7.9) | Yes | Chromosome | - | Membrane permeabilization | [70] |
| P. inositovora | NRRL Y-18709 (-) | 3 subunits > 100.0 | - | dsDNA (pPin1-3) | Chitin | rRNA fragmentation | [71] |
| P. kluyveri | 1002 (-) | 19.0 | Yes | Chromosome | - | Membrane permeabilization | [37] |
| DBVPG 5826 (Pkkp) | 54.0 | - | - | Cell wall receptor | - | [8] | |
| P. kudriavzevii | RY55 (-) | 39.8 | - | - | - | - | [72] |
| P. membranifaciens | CYC 1106 (PMKT) | 18.0 | No | Chromosome | (1→6)-β-d-glucans | Membrane permeabilization/apoptosis | [19,41,73,74,75,76] |
| CYC 1086 (PMKT2) | 30.0 | - | - | Mannoproteins | Cell cycle arrest/apoptosis | [20,38] | |
| Pichia ohmeri | 158 (-) | <3.0 | - | Chromosome | - | Loss of cellular integrity | [33] |