Table 2.
Biochemical properties and biological effects of equinatoxin (EqT) II.
| Biochemical Properties and Biological Effects | Reference | |
|---|---|---|
| Biochemical Properties | ||
| Molecular mass (kDa) | 20 | [35] |
| pI | 10.5 | [35] |
| Molecular targets | Sphingomyelin | [38] |
| Activity | Pore formation | [37,38] |
| Effects In Vivo | ||
| LD50 (µg/kg mouse) | 35 | [35] |
| Circulation, heart (rat) | Bradycardia, hypotension, extrasystoles | [61] |
| Blood (rat) | Platelet aggregation | [61] |
| Respiration (rat) | Respiratory arrest | [47] |
| Effects on Isolated Organs | ||
| Rat skeletal muscle | Spontaneous twitches (10 nM) | [62] |
| Rat heart (Langendorff preparation) | Drop in perfusion rate, decreased left ventricular pressure, arrhythmia (0.1–10 nM) | [51] |
| Porcine coronary artery | Vasoconstriction (EC50 = 101.1 nM) | [53] |
| Cellular and Subcellular Effects | ||
| Human erythrocytes | Haemolysis | [38] |
| Pore formation/r = 1.1 nm (50 ng/mL) | ||
| Rabbit Platelets | Aggregation (0.01 ng/mL) | [63] |
| V-79-379 A cell line | Toxicity (ED50 = 17 ng/mL) | [64] |
| Bovine lactotrophs Planar lipid bilayers |
Toxicity (230 nM) Ion channel formation (650 nM) Increase in [Ca2+]i (230 nM) |
[37] |
| NG 108-15 cells | Cell swelling, increase in [Ca2+]i | [59] |
| ECV-304 cells | Cell swelling, lysis (1–10 nM) | [49] |
| Taenia caeci smooth muscle cells | Increase in [Ca2+]i, muscle contraction (10–500 nM) | [55] |