Table 1.

Strategies and methodologies in the enrichment and isolation of mycotoxin biotransforming microorganisms. DGGE, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; T-RFLP, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Mycotoxin	Enrichment		Isolation
	Medium	Strategy/Methodology	Medium	Strategy/Methodology	Biotransforming Strains	Reference
DON	Corn meal broth	Soil samples enriched from the corn contaminated by the DON-producing fungi	Corn meal agar	Single colonies screening; extended incubation time for slow-growth strains	Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8	[12]
	Anaerobic incubation medium with 10% chicken cecal digesta extract	In vivo enrichment with moldy wheat; antibiotics treatment; guiding the enrichment by PCR-DGGE	L10 agar	Single colonies screening	Bacillus sp. LS-100	[43]
	M10 medium + DON (100 µg/mL)	Treatment by antibiotics and hemin	M1 medium	Single colonies screening	Eubacterium sp. BBSH 797	[55,56]
	Mineral salts with peptone medium + DON (50 µg/mL)	Antibiotics and heat treatment; guiding the enrichment by T-RFLP	Mineral salts with peptone agar	Single colonies screening; extended incubation time for slow-growth strains	Microbial consortium with at least 6 bacterial genera	[14]
	Mineral medium + DON (100 µg/mL)	DON as a sole carbon source	1/100 nutrient agar	Single colonies screening	Nocardioides sp. WSN05-2	[13]
	Mineral salt medium + DON (100 µg/mL)	In situ plant enrichment in contaminated wheat head by spraying DON	MRDG medium	Single colonies screening; using gellan gum rather than agar	Marmoricola sp. MIM116	[32]
	Mineral medium + DON (100 µg/mL)	DON as a sole carbon source	Reasoner’s 2A (R2A) agar, 1/100 nutrient agar	Single colonies screening	9 Nocardioides spp. and 4 Devosia spp.	[15]
	BYE medium + DON (200 µg/mL)	Repeated sub-culturing in fresh medium with high level of DON (200 µg/mL)	1/10 nutrient agar	Single colonies screening	E3-39 (belonging to Agrobacterium or Rhizobium)	[16]
	Inorganic salt culture medium + DON (4 µg/mL)	Enrichment with minimal nutrients	Czapek’s agar, LB agar	Single colonies screening	Aspergillus tubingensis NJA-1	[57]
	Mineral salts with peptone medium + DON (50 µg/mL)	In situ soil enrichment by spraying DON; guiding the enrichment by PCR-DGGE	-	-	Microbial consortium	[17]
ZEA	Minimal salt medium + ZEA (2 µg/mL)	ZEA as a sole carbon source	LB agar	Single colonies screening	Pseudomonas alcaliphila TH-C1, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida TH-L1	[18]
	LB broth	Selective screening Bacillus strains by heat treatment	LB agar	Single colonies screening	Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G	[19]
	Minimal salt medium + ZEA (2 µg/mL)	ZEA as a sole carbon source	LB agar	Single colonies screening	Pseudomonas otitidis TH-N1	[41]
	M1 + ZEA (25 µg/mL) + nystatin (15 µg/mL), M2 + ZEA (500 µg/mL)	ZEA as a sole carbon source	Nutrient agar	Single colonies screening	Acinetobacter sp. SM04	[23]
	M9 medium + ZEA (50 µg/mL)	ZEA as a sole carbon source	LB agar	Single colonies screening	Microbial consortium	[24]
AFB1	Coumarin medium (with 1% coumarin)	Coumarin, a basic molecular structure of aflatoxins, as a sole carbon source	Coumarin medium	Single colonies screening; coumarin as a sole carbon source	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 35-3	[46]
	Coumarin medium (with 1% coumarin)	Coumarin, a basic molecular structure of aflatoxins, as a sole carbon source	Coumarin medium	Single colonies screening; coumarin as a sole carbon source	Pseudomonas aeruginosa N17-1	[25]
	-	-	Modified Hormisch medium (with 0.1% coumarin)	Coumarin as a sole carbon source	Stenotrophomonas sp. NMO-3	[58]
	Nutrient broth	Non-selective enrichment	Coumarin medium (with 0.1% coumarin)	Single colonies screening; coumarin as a sole carbon source; K-B disk diffusion	Aspergillus niger ND-1	[34]
	Minimal salt/vitamin medium + fluoranthene (10 mg/mL)	Fluoranthene as a sole carbon source	R2A agar	Single colonies screening	Mycobacterium fluoranthenivorans sp. nov.	[59]
	Minimal salt medium + AFB1 (10 µg/mL)	AFB1 as a sole carbon source	Minimal salt agar + AFB1 (10 µg/mL)	Single colonies screening	Bacillus sp. TUBF1	[31]
	-	-	Nutrient agar	Single colonies screening	Bacillus licheniformis CM21, Bacillus subtilis MHS 13	[35]
AFB1, AFM1, AFG1	LB broth	Selective screening Bacillus strains by heat treatment	LB agar	Single colonies screening	Bacillus subtilis ANSB060	[45]
PAT	Mineral salt medium + increased concentration (300–600 µg/mL) of PAT	PAT as a sole carbon source	Mineral salt agar + PAT (600 µg/mL)	Single colonies screening	Byssochlamys nivea FF1-2	[54]
	-	-	YEPD medium + PAT (10 µg/mL)	Screening in liquid medium	Kodameae ohmeri HYJM34	[60]
CIT	Mineral broth + (1–4 µg/mL) of CIT	CIT as a sole carbon source	Mineral salt agar + CIT (10 µg/mL)	Single colonies screening	Klebsiella pneumoniae NPUST-B11	[26]
	Mineral broth + CIT (1 µg/mL)	CIT as a sole carbon source	Mineral salt agar + CIT (1–5 µg/mL)	Single colonies screening	Rhizobium borbori PS45	[27]
	-	-	Nutrient agar	Screening strains by disc plate diffusion assay (50 µg/disk of CIT)	Moraxella sp. MB1	[50]
FUB1	BYE medium + FUB1 (500 µg/mL)	Increasing population of FUB1-transforming microbes; antibiotics treatment	Nutrient agar (NA), NA + sucrose, NA + skim milk, PYEI agar, BYE agar	Single colonies screening	NCB 1492 (belonging to Delftia or Comamonas)	[28]
OTA	-	-	YES medium + OTA (2 µg/mL)	Screening in liquid medium	Aspergillus niger CBS 120.49	[61]
	-	-	Czapek-Dox medium + OTA (40 µg/plate)	Screening point-pated colonies by observing the loss of fluorescence	Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NRRL B-551	[62]
	-	-	LB agar + OTA (3 µg/mL); medium with isocoumarin as the sole carbon source	Screening microbes using isocoumarin as a sole carbon source	Bacillus subtilis CW 14	[47]