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. 2017 Apr 13;9(4):139. doi: 10.3390/toxins9040139

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Antimicrobial activity of B. thuringiensis isolates. Panel (A): Antibacterial activity evaluated by the agar plug diffusion method. Plugs from four or five Bt isolates were tested on each Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) plate. The pathogenic test bacteria (indicator) grew on the whole surface. A clear zone (+) around some Bt plugs indicated the presence of antibacterial activity (synthesis and diffusion of antibacterial molecules). A1: Staphylococcus aureus sensitive to methicillin ATCC25923, A2: Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin ATCC34300, A3: Escherichia coli ATCC25922, and A4: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC25853. Panel (B): Antifungal activity assay evaluated by the dual culture method. Each Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plate contained the fungal plug of one test fungus (center of the Petri dish) and three to four bacterial plugs (corresponding to three different Bt isolates) deposited radially 2.5 cm away. A fourth position in the plate was left empty as a negative control. The antifungal activity of the Bt isolates was revealed by the inhibition of fungal growth facing that bacterial plug as compared with the fungal growth facing the control area. The fungus grew around the plugs of bacteria that lack antifungal activity. B1: Fusarium sp., B2: Monelia sp., B3: Coletotricum sp., B4: Thielaviopsis sp., B5: Aspergilus niger.