Table 1.

Main categories of cosmetic products containing bioactive compounds extracted from microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and thraustochytrids) from different marine habitats.

Main Categories	Bioactive Compounds	Action	Source Microorganisms	Habitat	References
Photoprotective Compounds
Mycosporine	Mycosporine–glutaminol–glucoside and mycosporine–glutamicol–glucoside	UV screening	Marine fungi Phaeotheca triangularis, Trimmatostroma salinum, Hortaea werneckii, Aureobasidium pullulans and Cryptococcus liquefaciens	Hypersaline water and polar glacial ice	[26]
Mycosporine—like amino acids	Shinorine, porphyra- 334 and novel MAA (mycosporine-glycine-alanine)	UV screening	Marine bacteria Pseudonocardia sp. strain P1, Micrococcus p. AK-334, Actinosynnema mirum DSM 43827	Oceans, coastal systems,deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic waters and others	[27]
Carotenoids	β-carotene, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, cantaxanthin, phoenicoxanthin and echinenone	Skin photo-protection and inhibition of adverse processes induced or mediated by solar UV radiation	Marine bacteria genera Paracoccus and Agrobacterium; marine fungi genera Rhodotorula, Phaffia, Xanthophyllomyces	Marine coastal systems	[28,29,30,31,32]
			Thraustochytrids, such as Thraustochytrium strains ONC-T18 and CHN-1, Thraustochytriidae sp. AS4-A1 (Ulkenia sp.) and Aurantiochytrium sp. KH105	Seawater and sediments from tropical and temperate to polar ecosystems, in particular organically enriched systems (e.g., estuaries, leaves of mangrove forests)	[33,34,35]
Benzodiazepine alkaloids	circumdatins I, C, G	UV-A screening activity	Marine fungus of the genus Exophiala	Isolated from the surface of the marine sponge Halichondria panicea	[36]
Anti-Aging Products
Polysaccharides	EPS	Emulsifying, thickening, absorption and gel formation and anti-wrinkles	Marine fungi and bacteria such as Agrobacterium sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Xanthomonas campestris, Bacillus sp., Zymonas mobilis, Eduarsiella tarda and Aureobasidium pullulans, Alteromonas macleodii , Pseudoalteromonas sp.	Different marine environments, including extreme ecosystems. Pseudoalteromonas sp. isolated from antarctic waters	[16,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44]
	HE 800	Structurally analogous to hyaluronic acid	Vibrio diabolicus	Deep-sea hydrotermal vents	[41]
PUFAs	DHA, EPA and omega-3 fatty acids	Soft tissue repair, skin nourishment and stimulation of collagen production	Marine fungi (i.e., Trichoderma sp., Rhodotorula mucilaginosa AMCQ8A), bacteria (i.e., Moritella dasanensis, Vibrio sp., Pseudomonas sp. Shewanella sp. and Colwellia sp.) and thraustochytrids (in particular Schizochytrium, Aurantiochytrium and Ulkenia)	Thraustochytrids isolated from seawater and sediments from tropical and temperate to polar ecosystems, in particular organically enriched systems (e.g., estuaries, leaves of mangrove forests); bacteria and fungi isolated from coastal to deep-sea habitats	[33,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56]
Antioxidant Compounds
MAAs		Antioxidant activity, scavenging activity of superoxide anions and inhibition of lipid peroxidation	Marine fungi and bacteria	Coastal and open-ocean systems, deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems and others	[26,27,57,58,59]
Carotenoids	Astaxanthin	Antioxidant activity	Marine fungi bacteria and thraustochytrids	Coastal and open-ocean systems, deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems and others	[32,60]
	Saproxanthin and myxol	Reinforce biological membranes, decreasing permeability to oxygen and enhancing protection against oxidation	Marine bacteria family Flavobacteriaceae	Antartic marine habitats	[61]
Phenols	Hydroquinone derivatives (e.g., wentiquinone, ethyl 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-butanoate)	anti-oxidant activity	Marine fungi Acremonium sp. and Aspergillus wentii N48	Coastal systems, isolated from brown algae	[62,63]
Isobenzofuranone derivative	4,5,6-trihydroxy-7-methylphthalide	Radical scavenging activity	Marine fungus, Epicoccum sp.	Coastal systems, isolated from brown algae Fucus vesiculosus	[64]
Exopolysaccharides	EPS2	Radical scavenging activity	Marine fungus Keissleriella sp. YS 4108	Marine sediments	[65]
Diketopiperazine alkaloids	Golmaenone and related alkaloids	Radical scavenging activity and UV-A screening function	Marine fungus Aspergillus sp.	Isolated from the surface of the marine red alga Lomentaria catenata	[66]
Dioxopiperazine alkaloids	Dihydroxyisoechinulin A and related echinulin	Radical scavenging activity and UV-A screening function	Marine fungus Aspergillus sp.	Isolated from the surface of the marine red alga Lomentaria catenata	[67]
Skin Whitening Products
Pyrone	5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one (kojic acid) and derivates (kojic acid dimethyl ether and kojic acid monomethyl ether)	Inhibition of tyrosinase	Marine fungi (i.e., Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria species)	Different marine ecosystems. Alternaria sp. isolated from marine green algae	[68,69]
	α-Pyrone derivate (6-[(E)-Hept-1-enyl]-α-pyrone)	Inhibition of tyrosinase	Marine fungus Botrytis sp.	Isolated from the surface of the marine red alga Hyalosiphonia caespitose	[70]
	Phomaligol A	Inhibition of tyrosinase	Marine fungus Alternaria sp.	Isolated from marine green algae	[69]
	6-n-pentyl-α-pyrone and myrothenone A	Inhibition of tyrosinase	Marine-derivated fungus, genus Myrothecium	Isolated from the surface of the marine green algae Entemorpha compressa	[71]
N-acyl dehydrotyrosine derivatives	Thalassotalic acids A, B and C	Inhibition of tyrosinase	Marine Gram-negative bacterium, Thalassotalea sp. PP2-459	Isolated from a marine bivalve	[72]
Compound similar to the structure of homothallin II		Inhibition of tyrosinase	Marine fungus T. viridae strain H1-7	Isolated from marine sediments	[73]
Seven different compounds		Inhibition of melanin	Marine fungus T. viridae strain H1-7	Isolated from marine sediments	[73]
Dicarboxylic acid	1,7-heptanedicarboxylic acid (azelaic acid)	Inhibition of tyrosinase	Marine fungus Malasseziales	Almost every habitat in the marine environment	[74,75,76]
Sesquiterpenes	1β,5α,6α,14-tetraacetoxy-9α-benzoyloxy-7β H-eudesman-2β, 11-diol and 4α,5α-diacetoxy-9α-benzoyloxy-7βH-eudesman-1β, 2β,11, 14-tetraol	Inhibition of tyrosinase	Marine fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. Z233.	Isolated from algae Sargassum horneri	[77]
Alkyl halides	Methylene chloride	Inhibition of tyrosinase	Marine bacteria genus Pseudomonas	Marine sediments	[78]
Anthraquinones	Chrysophanol	Inhibition of tyrosinase	Marine fungus, Microsporum sp.	Isolated from the red alga Lomentaria catenata	US patent 20140056834A1
Carotenoids	Astaxanthin	Depigmentation properties	Marine bacteria and fungi	Seawater, sediments and marine organisms	[32]
Antimicrobial Products
Polysaccharides	Chitin, chitosan and their derivatives	Antimicrobial activity	Marine fungi such as zygomycetes, chytridiomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes	Coastal and open-ocean systems, deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems and others	[79,80]
Carotenoids	Astaxanthin	Antimicrobial activity, anti-wrinkle and anti-acne effects	Marine bacteria, fungi and thraustochytrids	Coastal and open-ocean systems, deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems and others	[32]
Parabens	4-hydroxybenzoate alkyl esters	Preventing the growth of yeasts, molds and gram-positive bacteria	The marine bacterial strain, A4B-17, genus Microbulbifer	Isolated from an ascidian	[81]
Surfactants, Emulsifiers, Thickeners, Stabilizers and Moistourising
Polysaccharides	Chitin, chitosan and their derivatives	Moisturising, emulsifying, anti-microbial and adhesive properties, water resistance and absorption promoters	Marine fungi such as zygomycetes, chytridiomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes	Coastal and open-ocean systems, deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems and others	[82,83,84,85,86,87,88]
Protein polysaccharide complexes, glycolipids, lipopeptides		Dissolving the active compound in other ingredients, emulsifying, skin moisturising and delivery system.	Marine fungi and bacteria such as Actinobacter, Pseudomonas, Myroides, Streptomyces, Yarrowia, Rhodotorula, Bacillus, Azotobacter, Corynebacterium	Coastal and open-ocean systems, deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems and others	[89]