Photoprotective Compounds |
Mycosporine |
Mycosporine–glutaminol–glucoside and mycosporine–glutamicol–glucoside |
UV screening |
Marine fungi Phaeotheca triangularis, Trimmatostroma salinum, Hortaea werneckii, Aureobasidium pullulans and Cryptococcus liquefaciens
|
Hypersaline water and polar glacial ice |
[26] |
Mycosporine—like amino acids |
Shinorine, porphyra- 334 and novel MAA (mycosporine-glycine-alanine) |
UV screening |
Marine bacteria Pseudonocardia sp. strain P1, Micrococcus p. AK-334, Actinosynnema mirum DSM 43827 |
Oceans, coastal systems,deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic waters and others |
[27] |
Carotenoids |
β-carotene, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, cantaxanthin, phoenicoxanthin and echinenone |
Skin photo-protection and inhibition of adverse processes induced or mediated by solar UV radiation |
Marine bacteria genera Paracoccus and Agrobacterium; marine fungi genera Rhodotorula, Phaffia, Xanthophyllomyces
|
Marine coastal systems |
[28,29,30,31,32] |
Thraustochytrids, such as Thraustochytrium strains ONC-T18 and CHN-1, Thraustochytriidae sp. AS4-A1 (Ulkenia sp.) and Aurantiochytrium sp. KH105 |
Seawater and sediments from tropical and temperate to polar ecosystems, in particular organically enriched systems (e.g., estuaries, leaves of mangrove forests) |
[33,34,35] |
Benzodiazepine alkaloids |
circumdatins I, C, G |
UV-A screening activity |
Marine fungus of the genus Exophiala
|
Isolated from the surface of the marine sponge Halichondria panicea
|
[36] |
Anti-Aging Products
|
Polysaccharides |
EPS |
Emulsifying, thickening, absorption and gel formation and anti-wrinkles |
Marine fungi and bacteria such as Agrobacterium sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Xanthomonas campestris, Bacillus sp., Zymonas mobilis, Eduarsiella tarda and Aureobasidium pullulans, Alteromonas macleodii , Pseudoalteromonas sp. |
Different marine environments, including extreme ecosystems. Pseudoalteromonas sp. isolated from antarctic waters |
[16,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44] |
HE 800 |
Structurally analogous to hyaluronic acid |
Vibrio diabolicus
|
Deep-sea hydrotermal vents |
[41] |
PUFAs |
DHA, EPA and omega-3 fatty acids |
Soft tissue repair, skin nourishment and stimulation of collagen production |
Marine fungi (i.e., Trichoderma sp., Rhodotorula mucilaginosa AMCQ8A), bacteria (i.e., Moritella dasanensis, Vibrio sp., Pseudomonas sp. Shewanella sp. and Colwellia sp.) and thraustochytrids (in particular Schizochytrium, Aurantiochytrium and Ulkenia) |
Thraustochytrids isolated from seawater and sediments from tropical and temperate to polar ecosystems, in particular organically enriched systems (e.g., estuaries, leaves of mangrove forests); bacteria and fungi isolated from coastal to deep-sea habitats |
[33,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56] |
Antioxidant Compounds
|
MAAs |
|
Antioxidant activity, scavenging activity of superoxide anions and inhibition of lipid peroxidation |
Marine fungi and bacteria |
Coastal and open-ocean systems, deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems and others |
[26,27,57,58,59] |
Carotenoids |
Astaxanthin |
Antioxidant activity |
Marine fungi bacteria and thraustochytrids |
Coastal and open-ocean systems, deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems and others |
[32,60] |
Saproxanthin and myxol |
Reinforce biological membranes, decreasing permeability to oxygen and enhancing protection against oxidation |
Marine bacteria family Flavobacteriaceae
|
Antartic marine habitats |
[61] |
Phenols |
Hydroquinone derivatives (e.g., wentiquinone, ethyl 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)-butanoate) |
anti-oxidant activity |
Marine fungi Acremonium sp. and Aspergillus wentii N48
|
Coastal systems, isolated from brown algae |
[62,63] |
Isobenzofuranone derivative |
4,5,6-trihydroxy-7-methylphthalide |
Radical scavenging activity |
Marine fungus, Epicoccum sp. |
Coastal systems, isolated from brown algae Fucus vesiculosus
|
[64] |
Exopolysaccharides |
EPS2 |
Radical scavenging activity |
Marine fungus Keissleriella sp. YS 4108 |
Marine sediments |
[65] |
Diketopiperazine alkaloids |
Golmaenone and related alkaloids |
Radical scavenging activity and UV-A screening function |
Marine fungus Aspergillus sp. |
Isolated from the surface of the marine red alga Lomentaria catenata
|
[66] |
Dioxopiperazine alkaloids |
Dihydroxyisoechinulin A and related echinulin |
Radical scavenging activity and UV-A screening function |
Marine fungus Aspergillus sp. |
Isolated from the surface of the marine red alga Lomentaria catenata
|
[67] |
Skin Whitening Products
|
Pyrone |
5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one (kojic acid) and derivates (kojic acid dimethyl ether and kojic acid monomethyl ether) |
Inhibition of tyrosinase |
Marine fungi (i.e., Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria species) |
Different marine ecosystems. Alternaria sp. isolated from marine green algae |
[68,69] |
α-Pyrone derivate (6-[(E)-Hept-1-enyl]-α-pyrone) |
Inhibition of tyrosinase |
Marine fungus Botrytis sp. |
Isolated from the surface of the marine red alga Hyalosiphonia caespitose
|
[70] |
Phomaligol A |
Inhibition of tyrosinase |
Marine fungus Alternaria sp. |
Isolated from marine green algae |
[69] |
6-n-pentyl-α-pyrone and myrothenone A |
Inhibition of tyrosinase |
Marine-derivated fungus, genus Myrothecium
|
Isolated from the surface of the marine green algae Entemorpha compressa
|
[71] |
N-acyl dehydrotyrosine derivatives |
Thalassotalic acids A, B and C |
Inhibition of tyrosinase |
Marine Gram-negative bacterium, Thalassotalea sp. PP2-459 |
Isolated from a marine bivalve |
[72] |
Compound similar to the structure of homothallin II |
|
Inhibition of tyrosinase |
Marine fungus T. viridae strain H1-7 |
Isolated from marine sediments |
[73] |
Seven different compounds |
|
Inhibition of melanin |
Marine fungus T. viridae strain H1-7 |
Isolated from marine sediments |
[73] |
Dicarboxylic acid |
1,7-heptanedicarboxylic acid (azelaic acid) |
Inhibition of tyrosinase |
Marine fungus Malasseziales
|
Almost every habitat in the marine environment |
[74,75,76] |
Sesquiterpenes |
1β,5α,6α,14-tetraacetoxy-9α-benzoyloxy-7β H-eudesman-2β, 11-diol and 4α,5α-diacetoxy-9α-benzoyloxy-7βH-eudesman-1β, 2β,11, 14-tetraol |
Inhibition of tyrosinase |
Marine fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. Z233. |
Isolated from algae Sargassum horneri
|
[77] |
Alkyl halides |
Methylene chloride |
Inhibition of tyrosinase |
Marine bacteria genus Pseudomonas
|
Marine sediments |
[78] |
Anthraquinones |
Chrysophanol |
Inhibition of tyrosinase |
Marine fungus, Microsporum sp. |
Isolated from the red alga Lomentaria catenata
|
US patent 20140056834A1 |
Carotenoids |
Astaxanthin |
Depigmentation properties |
Marine bacteria and fungi |
Seawater, sediments and marine organisms |
[32] |
Antimicrobial Products
|
Polysaccharides |
Chitin, chitosan and their derivatives |
Antimicrobial activity |
Marine fungi such as zygomycetes, chytridiomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes |
Coastal and open-ocean systems, deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems and others |
[79,80] |
Carotenoids |
Astaxanthin |
Antimicrobial activity, anti-wrinkle and anti-acne effects |
Marine bacteria, fungi and thraustochytrids |
Coastal and open-ocean systems, deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems and others |
[32] |
Parabens |
4-hydroxybenzoate alkyl esters |
Preventing the growth of yeasts, molds and gram-positive bacteria |
The marine bacterial strain, A4B-17, genus Microbulbifer |
Isolated from an ascidian |
[81] |
Surfactants, Emulsifiers, Thickeners, Stabilizers and Moistourising
|
Polysaccharides |
Chitin, chitosan and their derivatives |
Moisturising, emulsifying, anti-microbial and adhesive properties, water resistance and absorption promoters |
Marine fungi such as zygomycetes, chytridiomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes |
Coastal and open-ocean systems, deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems and others |
[82,83,84,85,86,87,88] |
Protein polysaccharide complexes, glycolipids, lipopeptides |
|
Dissolving the active compound in other ingredients, emulsifying, skin moisturising and delivery system. |
Marine fungi and bacteria such as Actinobacter, Pseudomonas, Myroides, Streptomyces, Yarrowia, Rhodotorula, Bacillus, Azotobacter, Corynebacterium
|
Coastal and open-ocean systems, deep-sea, hypersaline, Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems and others |
[89] |