Table 1.
Changes in cardiac output in normal human pregnancy
| Ref. | No. | Method | Position | Control | Maternal age (year) | Gestational age (week) | Cardiac output (L/min) (%↑) | Heart rate (b/min) (%↑) | Stroke volume (ml/b) (%↑) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mashini et al. 1987 | 16 | Teichholz/5 cardiac cycles | Left Lateral | Postpartum (8 week) | Not reported | 28 | 4.3→5.5 (31) | 66→88 (33) | 59→68 (3) |
| Robson et al. 1989 | 13 | VTI/8‐10 cardiac cycles. | Semi‐Left Lateral | Pre‐pregnant | 28 | 12 | 4.9→6.7 (37) | 75→83 (11) | 66→83 (26) |
| 32 | 4.9→7.3 (49) | 75→88 (17) | 66→85 (29) | ||||||
| Capeless and Clapp 1989 | 8 | Teichholz/9–12 cardiac cycles | Comfortable left lateral | Pre‐pregnant | 31 | 8 | 4.2→ 5.2 (24) | 65→ 68 (5) | 65→ 79 (22) |
|
16 24 |
4.2→ 5.9 (41)
4.2→ 5.7 (36) |
65→ 72 (11) 65→ 73 (12) |
65→ 83 (28) 65→ 81 (25) |
||||||
| Duvekot et al. 1993 | 10 | VTI/5 cardiac cycles | Semi‐Left Lateral | Postpartum (12 week or after breast feeding) | 29 | 9 | 4.8→ 6.1 (28) | 66→ 78 (18) | 73→ 78 (8) |
| 25 | 4.8→ 6.5 (35) | 66→ 87 (32) | 73→ 72 (−1) | ||||||
| Mabie et al. 1994 | 18 | VTI/5 cardiac cycles | Left Lateral Head ↑ 15% | Postpartum (12 week) | 23 | 12–15 | 5.7→ 6.9 (21) | 69→ 79 (15) | 84→ 86 (2) |
| 36–39 | 5.7→ 8.7 (53) | 69→ 88 (28) | 84→ 99 (18) | ||||||
| Poppas et al. 1997 | 16 | VTI/3 representative cardiac cycles | Left Lateral | Postpartum (>6mo) | 32 | 1st Tri | 6.0→ 6.8 (13) | 65→ 70 (8) | 90→ 95 (6) |
|
2nd Tri 3rd Tri |
6.0→ 7.6 (27)
6.0→ 7.9 (32) |
65→ 77 (19) 65→ 80 (23) |
90→ 99 (10) 90→ 99 (10) |
||||||
| Gilson et al. 1997 | 76 | Simpson/3 cardiac cycles | Left Lateral Head ↑ 15% | Postpartum (6 week) | 21 | 15 | 4.2→ 5.0 (19) | 67→ 75 (12) | 62→ 66 (7) |
|
26 36 |
4.2 → 5.7 (36)
4.2→ 5.8 (38) |
67 → 83 (24) 67→ 82 (22) |
62→ 69 (11) 62 → 70 (13) |
||||||
| Spaanderman et al. 2000 | 12 | VTI/5 cardiac cycles | Semi‐left lateral | Pre‐pregnant | 29 | 12 | 5.2→ 6.1 (17) | 66→ 71 (8) | 79→ 80 (1) |