Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and general demographic parameters of study participants
| PD | Control | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| n | 31 | 28 | |
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 64.8 ± 9.5 | 65.6 ± 10.4 | 0.970 |
| Clinical data | |||
| UPDRS III (mean ± SD) | 12.6 ± 6.9 | 0 ± 0 | <0.001 |
| GIT symptoms incl. constipation (GSRS, mean ± SD) | 3.4 ± 2.9 | 2.2 ± 2.0 | 0.172 |
| Total serum bilirubin | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 0.593 |
| Nutritional habits | |||
| Diet | |||
| Omnivorous | 30 [96.8%] | 28 [100%] | |
| Vegetarian | 1 [3.2%] | 0 [0%] | |
| Probiotics | 4 [12.9%] | 1 [3.6%] | |
| Medication | |||
| Amantadine | 26 [83.9%] | 0 [0%] | |
| Dopamine agonist | 11 [35.5%] | 0 [0%] | |
| MAO inhibitor | 28 [90.3%] | 0 [0%] | |
| L-DOPA | 0 [0%] | 0 [0%] | |
| Statin intake | 1 [3.2%] | 11 [39.3%] | |
| Metformin | 1 [3.2%] | 3 [10.7%] | |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 2 [6.5%] | 7 [25.0%] | |
| Smoking | |||
| No | 10 [32.3%] | 9 [32.1%] | |
| Yes | 5 [16.1%] | 4 [14.3%] | |
| Ex-smoker | 15 [48.4%] | 15 [53.6%] | |
UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, GIT gastrointestinal, GSRS Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale, MAO monoamine oxidase, L-DOPA Levodopa