Table 1.
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of patients with severe falciparum malaria by AKI status at enrolment
| Variable | Total | No AKI | AKI | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 107) | (n = 45) | (n = 62) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 30 (22–40) | 30 (25–45) | 27 (18–40) | 0.104 |
| Males (%)c | 75 (70) | 35 (78) | 40 (65) | 0.200 |
| Fever prior to admission (days) | 7 (6–9) | 7 (6–8) | 7 (6–9) | 0.311 |
| History of black or red urinec | 20 (20) | 5 (11) | 15 (26) | 0.100 |
| Vomiting and diarrhea (days) | 5 (1–6) | 2.5 (1–5) | 5 (3–9) | 0.045 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertensionc | 5 (5) | 2 (4) | 3 (5) | 1.000 |
| Cardiovascular diseasec | 6 (6) | 2 (4) | 4 (6) | 1.000 |
| Type 2 diabetesc | 4 (4) | 3 (7) | 1 (2) | 0.307 |
| Enrolment clinical parameters | ||||
| Glasgow Coma Score (max 15) | 9 (8–14) | 10 (9–14) | 9 (7–14) | 0.354 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 110 (100–120) | 114 (102–120) | 107 (99–120) | 0.155 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 82 (72–90) | 81 (74–89) | 82 (71–94) | 0.550 |
| Pulse rate (breaths/min) | 115 (96–132) | 109 (93–131) | 116 (97–132) | 0.666 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 34 (28–42) | 32 (28–37) | 36 (28–44) | 0.370 |
| Hemoglobinuria on enrolment# c | 18 (17) | 4 (9) | 14 (24) | 0.124 |
| Number of severity criteria | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (2–4) | <0.001 |
| AKI stage at enrolment | ||||
| Stage 1 (≥1.5 × baseline)c | 16 (26) | -- | 16 (26) | -- |
| Stage 2 (≥2.0–2.9 × baseline)c | 16 (26) | -- | 16 (26) | -- |
| Stage 3 (≥3.0 × baseline or ≥4 mg/dl)c | 30 (48) | -- | 30 (48) | -- |
All values are median (IQR) unless otherwise specified: cnumber (%). P < 0.05 using student t-test or Mann-Whitney U. # hemoglobinuria defined as red, black or dark brown urine on exam with 3/4+ hemoglobin on urine dipstick. Abbreviations: AKI acute kidney injury