TABLE 1. Characteristics and Cognitive Assessment: Participants with Congenital Heart Disease and Healthy Control Groups.
| Congenital heart disease |
Healthy controls |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n | (%) | n | (%) | p | ||||
| Gender (male) | 47 | (59) | 44 | (59) | 1.00 | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| White | 41 | (51) | 38 | (50) | .07 | ||||
| Hispanic | 32 | (40) | 28 | (37) | |||||
| Other | 7 | (9) | 10 | (13) | |||||
| Education | |||||||||
| Grade (9-11) | 54 | (68) | 46 | (60) | .41 | ||||
| High school | 14 | (17) | 14 | (18) | |||||
| College (1-4 years) | 12 | (15) | 16 | (21) | |||||
| MoCA (total score) | |||||||||
| <26 cutoff | 55 | (69) | (10) | (13) | |||||
| <25 cutoff | 51 | (63) | (7) | (9) | |||||
| CHD severitya | |||||||||
| Simple | 3 | (4) | |||||||
| Moderate | 30 | (37) | |||||||
| Complex | 47 | (59) | |||||||
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|
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| M | (SD) | Mdn | Range | M | (SD) | Mdn | Range | ||
|
|
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| Age (years) | 16.8 | (2.1) | 17 | 14-21 | 17.7 | (2.2) | 18 | 14-21 | .70 |
| WRAML2 GMI | 86.2 | (11.7) | 85 | 49-112 | 108.4 | (11.6) | 108 | 85-127 | <.001 |
| MoCA | 23.2 | (3.4) | 23 | 15-30 | 27.8 | (2.0) | 28 | 22-30 | <.001 |
| Visuospatial/executive | 4 | 1-5 | 5 | 3-5 | <.001 | ||||
| Naming | 3 | 2-3 | 3 | 2-3 | .56 | ||||
| Attention | 4 | 1-6 | 6 | 3-6 | <.001 | ||||
| Language | 2 | 0-3 | 3 | 1-3 | <.001 | ||||
| Abstraction | 1 | 0-2 | 2 | 0-2 | <.001 | ||||
| Delayed recall | 3 | 0-5 | 5 | 0-5 | <.001 | ||||
| Orientation | 6 | 5-6 | 6 | 5-6 | .70 | ||||
| Total | 23 | 15-29 | 28 | 22-30 | <.001 | ||||
Note. Congenital heart disease (n = 80); healthy controls (n = 76).CHD = congenital heart disease; GMI = General Memory Index; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; WRAML2 = Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, Second Edition.
a
Severity was based on the Bethesda Conference classification (Warnes et al., 2001).