Table 2.
Bivariate association between modern contraceptive use and various background characteritics
| Partner method vs. None/traditional method | Male method vs. None/traditional method | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ||||||
| Socio-demographic factors | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| 15–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 25–34 | 3.83 | *** | [3.11–4.72] | 0.41 | *** | [0.35-0.47] |
| 35–54 | 3.57 | *** | [2.90-4.39] | 0.14 | *** | [0.12-0.17] |
| Living children | ||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 1-2 | 5.58 | *** | [4.29-7.27] | 0.27 | *** | [0.22-0.33] |
| 3+ | 4.47 | *** | [3.54-5.66] | 0.11 | *** | [0.09-0.14] |
| Age of last child | ||||||
| No child | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 0–2 years | 4.68 | *** | [3.64-6.03] | 0.15 | *** | [0.12-0.19] |
| 3+ years | 5.26 | *** | [4.17-6.63] | 0.20 | *** | [0.16-0.24] |
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Rural | 0.71 | *** | [0.61-0.84] | 0.81 | * | [0.67-0.97] |
| Region | ||||||
| Nairobi | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Central | 0.09 | *** | [0.04-0.19] | 0.08 | *** | [0.04-0.19] |
| Coast | 1.74 | *** | [1.32-2.29] | 1.44 | * | [1.09-1.90] |
| Eastern | 2.30 | *** | [1.75-3.03] | 1.61 | *** | [1.21-2.14] |
| Nyanza | 1.23 | [0.98-1.54] | 1.28 | * | [1.01-1.63] | |
| Rift valley | 1.59 | ** | [1.17-2.18] | 1.24 | [0.94-1.64] | |
| Western | 1.85 | *** | [1.45-2.36] | 1.90 | *** | [1.47-2.46] |
| North Eastern | 2.35 | *** | [1.67-3.31] | 2.08 | ** | [1.32-3.29] |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Currently married | 4.37 | *** | [3.51-5.45] | 0.09 | *** | [0.07-0.10] |
| Formerly married | 1.90 | *** | [1.29-2.79] | 0.53 | *** | [0.40-0.69] |
| Religion | ||||||
| Catholic | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Potestant | 1.03 | [0.87-1.22] | 0.91 | [0.77-1.08] | ||
| Muslim | 0.33 | *** | [0.24-0.45] | 0.46 | ** | [0.32-0.66] |
| No religion | 0.48 | *** | [0.34-0.69] | 0.72 | [0.51-1.03] | |
| Number of wives | ||||||
| No wives/partners | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 1 wife | 3.77 | *** | [3.12-4.57] | 0.09 | *** | [0.08-0.11] |
| 2 and more wives | 2.59 | *** | [1.81-3.70] | 0.10 | *** | [0.06-0.16] |
| Age at first marriage | ||||||
| Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 11–24 years | 4.10 | *** | [3.26-5.16] | 0.14 | *** | [0.11-0.16] |
| 25 and more years | 4.24 | *** | [3.35-5.38] | 0.11 | *** | [0.09-0.14] |
| Age at first intercourse | ||||||
| Less than 14 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 14–17 years | 0.97 | [0.78-1.20] | 0.86 | [0.70-1.07] | ||
| 18–24 years | 1.16 | [0.94-1.45] | 0.83 | [0.67-1.04] | ||
| 25 and more years | 0.78 | [0.57-1.07] | 0.27 | *** | [0.16-0.44] | |
| Marital duration | ||||||
| Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 0–9 years | 4.31 | *** | [3.39-5.48] | 0.14 | *** | [0.11-0.17] |
| 10+ years | 4.05 | *** | [3.23-5.09] | 0.11 | *** | [0.09-0.14] |
| Socio-economic factors | ||||||
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Medium | 2.19 | *** | [1.87-2.58] | 1.71 | *** | [1.44-2.03] |
| High | 2.67 | *** | [2.25-3.18] | 1.81 | *** | [1.48-2.22] |
| Education | ||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Primary | 6.63 | *** | [4.25-10.33] | 4.15 | *** | [2.61-6.60] |
| Secondary/Higher | 9.27 | *** | [5.90-14.57] | 7.04 | *** | [4.38-11.31] |
| Currently working | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 4.55 | *** | [3.23-6.40] | 0.50 | *** | [0.41-0.62] |
| Interaction with health system | ||||||
| Discussed FP with health worker | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1.71 | *** | [1.42-2.07] | 0.84 | [0.65-1.09] | |
| Behavioral/attitudinal factors | ||||||
| Fertility preference | ||||||
| Want another child | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Undecided | 1.30 | [0.82-2.05] | 1.25 | [0.66-2.38] | ||
| Want no more | 1.36 | *** | [1.16-1.60] | 1.13 | [0.83-1.54] | |
| No regular partner | 0.36 | *** | [0.29-0.44] | 11.21 | *** | [8.63-14.57] |
| Contraception is a woman’s business | ||||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Agree | 0.74 | ** | [0.61-0.89] | 0.81 | * | [0.66-0.99] |
| Don’t know | 0.09 | *** | [0.03-0.28] | 0.50 | * | [0.29-0.85] |
| Women who use contraception become promiscous | ||||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Agree | 0.60 | *** | [0.52-0.69] | 1.01 | [0.86-1.18] | |
| Don’t know | 0.42 | *** | [0.30-0.58] | 0.68 | * | [0.48-0.97] |
| Number of sexual partners | ||||||
| 1 partner | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2–5 partners | 2.02 | *** | [1.61-2.53] | 1.19 | [0.96-1.47] | |
| 6+ partners | 2.37 | *** | [1.87-3.01] | 1.11 | [0.87-1.40] | |
| Access | ||||||
| Frequency of reading newspaper/magazine | ||||||
| Not at all | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Less than once a week | 1.49 | *** | [1.23-1.81] | 1.38 | ** | [1.11-1.71] |
| At least once a week | 2.11 | *** | [1.83-2.45] | 1.56 | *** | [1.31-1.87] |
| Frequency of listening to radio | ||||||
| Not at all | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Less than once a week | 1.62 | * | [1.01-2.60] | 2.04 | *** | [1.37-3.04] |
| At least once a week | 2.56 | *** | [1.80-3.63] | 2.32 | *** | [1.66-3.23] |
| Frequency of watching TV | ||||||
| Not at all | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Less than once a week | 1.65 | *** | [1.35-2.01] | 1.65 | *** | [1.31-2.09] |
| At least once a week | 2.29 | *** | [1.92-2.73] | 1.95 | *** | [1.61-2.35] |
* p < .05; ** p < .01; ***p < .001