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. 2017 Apr 28;14:15. doi: 10.1186/s12989-017-0194-4

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Characterization of GCNF using (a) Dynamic light scattering (DLS) for zeta potential measurement, (b) Scanning electron microscopy for shape. (c) Transmission electron microscopy analysis of GCNF in, without sonication (c1) and after sonication (c2) condition showed that sonication does not affect the morphology of GCNF. (d1, d2) EDAX analysis was used for the elemental analysis which showed that GCNF contains very negligible amount of impurities. (e1, e2) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy further showed that upon sonication there was no effect in the carbon to oxygen ratio of GCNF