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. 2017 Apr 28;14:15. doi: 10.1186/s12989-017-0194-4

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 9 — Graphical diagram representing the mechanism of cell death in A549 cells by graphite carbon nanofibers. Exposure to GCNF causes the increased production of reactive oxygen species which activates the autophagosomes accumulation, apoptosis induction as well as damage to DNA. Further mechanistic studies revealed the interconnection between apoptosis and autophagy through the impairment of lysosomes and energy pool. Thus GCNF induced nanotoxicity through modulation of autophagy apoptosis axis via oxidative stress