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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 28.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2012 Dec 12;127(1):e6–e245. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad

Chart 23-1.

Chart 23-1

Direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke (in billions of dollars), United States, 2009. Source: Prepared by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.1,3