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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 28.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2012 Dec 12;127(1):e6–e245. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad

Chart 23-2.

Chart 23-2

The 20 leading diagnoses for direct health expenditures, United States, 2008 (in billions of dollars). COPD indicates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GI, gastrointestinal. Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; estimates are from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and exclude nursing home costs.