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The modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors
| Nonmodifiable factors | Modifiable factors |
|---|---|
| Age | LV dysfunction/congestive heart failure |
| Sex | |
| Race | Control of diabetes |
| Prior myocardial infarction | Control of hypertension |
| Prior cardiac surgery | Alleviation of renal dysfunction |
| Emergent surgery | Managing atherosclerosis |
| Combined procedure | Smoking cessation |
| CABG surgery for left main disease | Anemia |
| Obesity |
CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft, LV: Left ventricular
