Table 2.

Physical conditions predicting non-medical prescription opioid use and abuse/dependence.

Physical health	NMPOU, n (%)		Abuse/Dep, n (%)		OR (95% Cl)		AOR1 (95% Cl)		AOR2 (95% Cl)
	No	Yes	No	Yes	NMPOU	Abuse/Dep	NMPOU	Abuse/Dep	NMPOU	Abuse/Dep
Number of physical health conditions (0–9)	–	–	–	–	0.93(0.82–1.04)	1.14(0.97–1.35)	1.19(1.07–1.32)**	1.62(1.42–1.84)***	1.12(1.00–1.25)	1.42(1.23–1.63)***
Arteriosclerosis or hypertension	479(1.93)	92(1.33)	150(0.61)	33(0.66)	0.69(0.51–0.92)**	1.08(0.64–1.84)	1.15(0.82–1.60)	2.53(1.50–4.28)***	1.05(0.75–1.46)	2.02(1.18–3.46)**
Hepatic disease	565(1.81)	6(2.44)	181(0.61)	3(2.90)	1.36(0.49–3.77)	–	1.60(0.58–4.42)	–	1.30(0.48–3.54)	–
Cardiovascular disease	520(l.79)	51(2.15)	162(0.59)	20(1.06)	1.21(0.82–1.78)	1.81(0.89–3.71)	1.80(1.22–2.66)**	3.20(1.49–6.87)**	1.53(1.02–2.28)*	2.22(1.01–4.89)*
Gastrointestinal disease	526(1.78)	44(2.20)	166(0.61)	18(0.88)	1.24(0.84–1.83)	1.44(0.78–2.65)	1.58(1.06–2.36)*	1.98(1.08–3.60)*	1.33(0.89–1.98)	1.36(0.75–2.44)
Arthritis	482(1.86)	92(1.61)	146(0.60)	37 (0.70)	0.86(0.65–1.15)	1.18(0.73–1.91)	1.49(1.09–2.03)**	2.71(1.51–4.85)***	1.34(0.99–1.82)	2.09(1.20–3.63)**
Any assessed medical condition	388(1.92)	183(1.61)	112(0.54)	70(0.77)	0.84(0.67–1.05)	1.42(0.94–2.16)	1.44(1.12–1.85)**	3.38(2.25–5.07)***	1.25(0.97–1.61)	2.47(1.66–3.67)***

OR, odds ratio; AOR1, adjusted for sex, age, marital status, education, household income, race; AOR2, adjusted for sociodemographic factors and Axis I and II mental disorders. For prevalence rates, yes = percentage of individuals with the physical condition who have NMPOU or abuse/dependence, respectively; no = percentage of individuals without the physical condition who have NMPOU or abuse/dependence, respectively. NMPOU, non-medical prescription opioid use; abuse/dep, opioid abuse and/or dependence.

^*p ≤ 0.05.

^**p ≤ 0.01.

^***p ≤ 0.001.