Table 1.

Sample characteristics, the prevalence of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder at 11 years of follow-up, and statistical associations between the two, in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study.

Variable	Distribution		DMDDaprevalence
	N	%	%	p
Among mothers (at childbirth)
Age (years)b				0.454
≤19	662	19.0	2.6
20–34	2340	67.1	2.6
≥34	486	13.9	1.7
Years of schoolingb				<0.001
≥9	1513	43.8	1.3
5–8	1431	41.4	2.5
0–4	513	14.8	5.9
Family income (by quintile)b				0.014
1 (lowest)	695	19,5	3,5
2	714	20,0	3,2
3	709	19,9	2,4
4	754	21,2	2,1
5 (highest)	690	19,4	0,9
Living with a partnerb				0.846
No	542	15.5	2.6
Yes	2948	84.5	2.4
Skin color				0.491
White	2149	62.3	2.6
Other	1300	37.7	2.2
Hypertension during pregnancyb				0.657
No	3201	91.7	2.5
Yes	289	8.3	2.1
Parity (previous pregnancies, n)b				0.084
0	1386	39.7	1.8
1	934	26.8	2.6
≥2	1169	33.5	3.2
Pregestational body mass indexb				0.198
<18.5 kg/m2	147	4.5	3.4
18.5–<25 kg/m2	1984	61.0	2.4
25–<30 kg/m2	768	23.6	1.7
≥30 kg/m2	356	10.9	3.7
Smoking during pregnancyb				0.003
No	2.553	73.1	2.0
Yes	937	26.9	3.7
Alcohol use during pregnancyb				0.172
No	3377	96.8	2.4
Yes	113	3.2	4.4
Mood symptoms during pregnancyb				<0.001
No	3196	91.7	2.1
Yes	290	8.3	6.2
Depression trajectoryb				<0.001
Low	1111	35.4	0.9
Moderate-low	1293	41.2	2.5
Increasing	277	8.8	4.0
Decreasing	300	9.6	3.3
High-chronic	160	5.1	7.5
Among children
Sex				0.099
Male	1804	51.7	2.9
Female	1686	48.3	2.0
Birth weightb				0.038
<2500 g	278	8.0	4.3
≥2500 g	3211	92.0	2.3
5-min Apgar scoreb				0.671
<7	108	3.1	1.9
≥7	3364	96.9	2.5
Intrauterine growth restrictionb				0.394
No	2805	88.1	2.2
Yes	378	11.9	2.9

^aAbbreviations: DMDD, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

^bData not available for all subject-variable pairs.