Table 3. Associations of maternal ethnicity with total gestational weight gain (kg/wk) (N=2,588).
| Ethnicity groups | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch-origin N = 2,050 |
Cape Verdean-origin N = 65 |
Dutch Antillean-origin N = 63 |
Moroccan-origin N =103 |
Surinamese-Creole-origin N = 57 |
Surinamese-Hindustani-origin N = 63 |
Turkish-origin N = 187 |
|||||||
| β (95% CI ) | %-C | β (95% CI ) | %-C | β (95% CI ) | %-C | β (95% CI ) | %-C | β (95% CI ) | %-C | β (95% CI ) | %-C | ||
| Crude model1 | Reference | -0.03 (-0.06,0.01) |
- | -0.05 (-0.09,-0.01)* |
- | -0.10 (-0.13,-0.08)* |
- | -0.03 (-0.07,0.01) |
- | -0.07 (-0.10,-0.03)* |
- | -0.03 (-0.05,-0.01)* |
|
| + Socio-demographic characteristics2 | Reference | -0.04 (-0.08,0)* |
33.3 | -0.07 (-0.10,-0.03)* |
40.0 | -0.10 (-0.13,-0.07)* |
0 | -0.04 (-0.08,0)* |
33.3 | -0.08 (-0.11,-0.04)* |
14.3 | -0.03 (-0.05,0)* |
0 |
| + Lifestyle related characteristics3 | Reference | -0.03 (-0.06,0.01) |
-25.0 | -0.05 (-0.09,-0.01)* |
-28.6 | -0.07 (-0.10,-0.04)* |
-30.0 | -0.03 (-0.07,0.01) |
-25.0 | -0.07 (-0.11,-0.04)* |
-12.5 | -0.02 (-0.04,0.01) |
-33.3 |
| + Pregnancy related characteristics4 | Reference | -0.02 (-0.05,0.02) |
-33.3 | -0.03 (-0.07,0) |
-40.0 | -0.07 (-0.10,-0.04)* |
0 | -0.02 (-0.06,0.01) |
-33.3 | -0.05 (-0.09,-0.02)* |
-28.6 | -0.01 (-0.03,0.02) |
-50.0 |
Values are linear regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) that reflect the difference in total gestational weight gain (kg/wk) per ethnic background compared with the Dutch-origin (reference) group.
These models were subsequently additionally adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics during pregnancy (maternal age, education, income, marital status and parity).
Third, these models were subsequently additionally adjusted for life-style related characteristics during pregnancy (body mass index (kg/m2) at the start of pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, alcohol consumption during pregnancy, folic acid supplement use and diet).
Finally, these models were subsequently additionally adjusted for pregnancy related characteristics (pregnancy complications, gestational age at birth, birth weight).
P-value for the associations <0.05. Percentage change (%-C); we calculated the exact percentages of change in the effect estimates after adjustment for different factors, using the formula (% change = (β2 – β1)/ β1* 100).