Table 4. Associations of maternal ethnicity with critical periods of gestational weight gain (kg/wk) (N=4,474)1.
| Ethnicity groups | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early pregnancy | Dutch-origin N = 2,948 |
Cape Verdean-origin N = 213 |
Dutch Antillean-origin N = 167 |
Moroccan-origin N = 326 |
Surinamese-Creole-origin N = 149 |
Surinamese-Hindustani-origin N = 186 |
Turkish-origin N = 485 |
| β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | |
| Crude model1 | Reference | 0.01 (-0.03,0.05) | 0.01 (-0.03,0.05) | -0.05 (-0.08,-0.02)* | 0.00 (-0.04,0.04) | -0.05 (-0.08,-0 01)* | -0.01 (-0.04,0.01) |
| + Socio-demographic | Reference | -0.02 (-0.06,0.02) | -0.01 (-0.05,0.03) | -0.06 (-0.09,-0.02)* | -0.03 (-0.07,0.02) | -0.06 (-0.10,-0.02)* | -0.01 (-0.04,0.02) |
| + Lifestyle related characteristics3 | Reference | 0 (-0.04,0.04) | 0.01 (-0.03,0.06) | -0.03 (-0.07,0) | -0.02 (-0.06,0.03) | -0.05 (-0.09,-0.01)* | -0.01 (-0.04,0.02) |
| + Pregnancy related characteristics4 | Reference | 0.01 (-0.03,0.05) | 0.02 (-0.02,0.07) | -0.03 (-0.07,0.01) | -0.01 (-0.05,0.04) | -0.03 (-0.07,0.01) | -0.01 (-0.04,0.02) |
| Ethnicity groups | |||||||
| Mid pregnancy |
Dutch-origin N = 3,312 |
Cape Verdean-origin N = 269 |
Dutch Antillean-origin N =196 |
Moroccan-origin N = 381 |
Surinamese-Creole-origin N =168 |
Surinamese-Hindustani-origin N = 203 |
Turkish-origin N = 537 |
| β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | |
| Crude model1 | Reference | -0.03 (-0.06,0) | -0.06 (-0.10,-0.03)* | -0.08 (-0.11,-0.05)* | -0.05 (0.09,-0.01)* | -0.08 (-0.12,-0 05)* | 0.01 (-0.01,0.04) |
| + Socio-demographic | Reference | -0.02 (-0.05,0.01) | -0.06 (-0.10,-0.02)* | -0.06 (-0.09,-0.03)* | -0.04 (-0.08,0)* | -0.08 (-0.11,-0.04)* | 0.03 (0,0.05)* |
| + Lifestyle related characteristics3 | Reference | 0 (-0.04,0.04) | -0.04 (-0.08,0) | -0.04 (-0.07,0)* | -0.02 (-0.06,0.02) | -0.08 (-0.12,-0.04)* | 0.03 (0,0.05) |
| + Pregnancy related characteristics4 | Reference | 0.01 (-0.02,0.05) | -0.02 (-0.06,0.02) | -0.03 (-0.07,0) | -0.01 (-0.05,0.04) | -0.05 (-0.09,-0.01) | 0.03 (0,0.06)* |
| Ethnicity groups | |||||||
| Late pregnancy |
Dutch-origin N = 3,312 |
Cape Verdean-origin N = 269 |
Dutch Antillean-origin N =196 |
Moroccan-origin N = 381 |
Surinamese-Creole-origin N =168 |
Surinamese-Hindustani-origin |
Turkish-origin N = 537 |
| β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | β (95% CI ) | |
| Crude model1 | Reference | -0.13 (-0.21,-0 04)* | -0.07 (-0.16,0.02) | -0.11 (-0.18,-0.04)* | -0.04 (-0.14,0.07) | -0.11 (-0.20,-0 02)* | -0.04 (-0.10,0.01) |
| + Socio-demographic | Reference | -0.17 (-0.26,-0.08)* | -0.13 (-0.23,-0.04)* | -0.13 (-0.21,-0.06)* | -0.07 (-0.18,0.04) | -0.16 (-0.25,-0.07)* | -0.08 (-0.14,-0.02)* |
| + Lifestyle related characteristics3 | Reference | -0.15 (-0.24,-0.05)* | -0.11 (-0.21,-0.01)* | -0.15 (-0.24,-0.06)* | 0.05 (-0.17,0.06) | -0.11 (-0.21,-0.02)* | -0.07 (-0.14,0) |
| + Pregnancy related characteristics4 | Reference | -0.12 (-0.22,-0.03)* | -0.10 (-0.20,0) | -0.13 (-0.21,-0.04)* | -0.04 (-0.15,0.07) | -0.09 (-0.18,0.01) | -0.05 (-0.12,0.02) |
Values are linear regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) that reflect the difference in weight gain (kg/wk) in critical periods of pregnancy per ethnic background compared with the Dutch-origin (reference) group.
These models were subsequently additionally adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics at the start of pregnancy (maternal age, education, income, marital status and parity).
Third, these models were subsequently additionally adjusted for life-style related characteristics during pregnancy (body mass index (kg/m2) at the start of pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, alcohol consumption during pregnancy, folic acid supplement use and diet).
Finally, these models were subsequently additionally adjusted for pregnancy related characteristics (pregnancy complications, gestational age at birth, birth weight).
P-value for the associations <0.05.