Table 2. Applications of each modality in hybrid BCIs.
| Applications | Modalities & External Signals | Studies | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mouse control | Visual | Operant: MI | [40] [86] [120] |
| Virtual environment | Visual | Operant: MI | [85] [121] |
| Wheelchair | Visual | Operant: MI | [117] [122] |
| Visual | Visual | [115] | |
| (Eyeball) | Operant: MI | [78] | |
| Email client | Visual | Operant: MI | [123] |
| Robot | Visual | Operant: MI | [118] [124] |
| (Physical movement) | Operant: MI | [102] | |
| (Eyeball) | Operant: MI | [91] | |
| (Eyeball) | Visual | [77] | |
| Neuroprosthetics | μ-rhythm | Operant: MI | [125] |
| Visual | Operant: MI | [109] [126] | |
| (Physical movement) | Operant: MI | [82] | |
| (Eyeball) | Operant: MI | [116] | |
| (Heart rate) | Visual | [31] | |
| GUI | Visual | Operant: MI | [94] |
| Driving simulation | (Physical movement) | Operant: Attention | [81] |
| Game | Visual | Operant: Attention | [101] |
| (Physical movement) | Operant: MI | [83] [84] | |
| Speller | Visual | Visual | [87] [106] [113] [114] [127] [128] [129] |
| (Eyeball) | Visual | [35] [80] [95] | |
| (Physical movement) | Visual | [76] | |
| (Eyeball) | Operant: MI | [93] | |
| Detecting awareness | Visual | Visual | [88] |
| Flight control | (Eyeball) | Operant: Attention | [100] |
| Navigation | Visual | Operant: MI | [59] |
| (Eyeball) | Visual | [130] | |
| (Eyeball) | Operant: MI | [32] | |