Table 2. Studies using GDF-15 for cardiovascular risk stratification.

Study population	n		Endpoint		Thresholds		Hazard ratio
ALPS-AMI[38]	430		All-cause death, MI, stroke, or hospitalization due to congestive HF		< 1221 ng/L, ≥ 1221 ng/L		1.001
PLATO trial[39]	16,876		Cardiovascular death, spontaneous MI, and stroke		Quartile (< 1145 ng/L,1145–1550 ng/L,1550–2219 ng/L,> 2219 ng/L)		1.4
IABP-SHOCK II[40]	600		All-cause mortality		Median		1.88
Suspected AMI[41]	1247		All-cause death, AMI		< 1200 ng/L,1200–1800 ng/L, > 1800 ng/L		19.2, 20.1
NSTE-ACS[42]	1146		Deaths and nonfatal MI		Median		2.4
AtheroGene[43]	1781		Nonfatal MI, cardiovascular mortality		≥ 1499 ng/L		2.81, 2.67
PIVUS study[34]	1016		All-cause mortality		Median (1242 ng/L)		1.68

ACS: acute coronary syndrome; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; HF: heart failure; MI: myocardial infarction.