Table 1.

Therapeutic applications of SPC and SPC derived growth factors against radiation induced intestinal injuries

A. Therapeutic application of SPC in various radiation induced pathologies
Cells	Targets/Mechanisms	Application (disease model)	Ref
Bone marrow stromal progenitors, epithelial progenitors, myeloid progenitors	Lgr5 positive ISC proliferation Crypt maintenance Mucosal integrity	Radiation induced gastrointestinal syndrome (mouse)	4
Bone marrow transplant	Recruitment of host myelomonocytic and MSC to the irradiated tissue	Radiation induced gastrointestinal syndrome (mouse)	5, 11
Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells	Increase in Bmi-1 positive ISC proliferation Reduction in inflammation Increase in anti-inflammatory Increase in vascularization	Radiation induced gastrointestinal syndrome (mouse)	26
Bone marrow transplant	Recruitment of host myeloid cells Reduction in GI permeability	Radiation induced mucosal injury (mouse)	27
Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells	Increase in intestinal epithelial regeneration	Radiation Enteritis (dogs)	30
Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells	Activation of non-canonical signaling Increase colonic epithelial regeneration Reduction in ulceration Recruitment of host mesenchymal stem cells to colon	Radiation induced Pelvic Disease (moues)	35
Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells	Reduction in acute inflammation Reduction in infiltration of leukocytes Reduction in fibrosis and vascular remodeling	Radiation Proctitis (pigs)	38
B. SPC derived cytokines and growth factors
Growth Factors	Targets/Mechanisms	Application (disease model)	Ref
Vascular endothelial growth factor	Vascularization	Radiation induced gastrointestinal syndrome (mouse)	4, 41, 40, 45
Rspondin1	Lgr5-ISC proliferation	Radiation induced gastrointestinal syndrome (mouse)	4
Platelet derived growth factor	Stromal proenitor cell proliferation	Radiation induced gastrointestinal syndrome (mouse)	4, 40, 45
Fibroblast growth factor	Intestinal Sub-epithelial myofibroblasts proliferation	Radiation induced gastrointestinal syndrome (mouse)	4
Keratinocyte growth factor	ISC and Transit amplifying cell growth factor	Radiation induced gastrointestinal syndrome (mouse)	4
Interleukin10	Anti-inflammatory	Radiation Proctitis (pigs)	40
Hepatocyte growth factor	Growth factor for epithelial and endothelial cells	Radiation induced epithelial and endothelial injury	45
Interleukin 17	Anti-inflammatory	Radiation induced inflammatory response (ulcers, proctitis, cystitis)	44
Stromal cell derived factor 1	Stem cell proliferation Recruitment of host MSC	Acute radiation injury	40, 45
Interleukin 6	Proliferation Hematopoiesis	Acute radiation injury	40, 45
Angiopoietin 1, 2	Vascular growth factor	Radiation Proctitis (pigs)	40