Table 4.
Factors associated with an unhealthy metabolic phenotype in normal-weight females.
| Variables | MHNW (n = 895) | MUHNW (n = 962) | p Value 1 | p Value 2 | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 41.5 ± 12.3 | 46.9 ± 13.9 | <0.001 | ||
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤ Middle school | 363 (40.6) | 514 (53.4) | |||
| High school | 204 (22.8) | 231 (24.0) | |||
| ≥ College | 328 (36.6) | 217 (22.6) | |||
| Current smokers, n (%) | 2 (0.2) | 12 (1.2) | 0.013 | ||
| Current drinkers, n (%) | 57 (6.4) | 34 (3.5) | 0.005 | ||
| Waist (cm) | 75.1 ± 5.8 | 78.6 ± 5.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.2 ± 1.5 | 21.8 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) |
| Body fat (%) | 27.7 ± 3.5 | 29.3 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.09–1.16) |
| Skeletal muscle (%) | 39.6 ± 3.9 | 37.8 ± 3.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.48–0.66) |
| Body water (%) | 50.9 ± 2.2 | 50.2 ± 2.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.82–0.89) |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 22.3 ± 4.7 | 21.9 ± 5.0 | <0.001 | 0.170 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| UA (μmol/L) | 239.7 ± 52.9 | 257.6 ± 64.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) |
| ALT (U/L) | 15.2 ± 6.6 | 17.8 ± 10.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) |
| AST (U/L) | 20.5 ± 5.6 | 21.6 ± 7.2 | <0.001 | 0.542 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or number (percentage). p Value 1 was calculated by an independent two-sample t-test or chi-square test. p Value 2 and OR (95% CI) were obtained from logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, education, smoking, and drinking status, and variables were standardized before entering into the logistic regression model.